Method of treatment of age-related macular degeneration (amd)

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates generally to the field of treatment and prophylaxis of retinal degenerative diseases. More particularly, the present invention contemplates a method for preventing, reducing the risk of development of, or otherwise treating or ameliorating the symptoms of, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or related retinal conditions in mammals and in particular humans. The present invention further provides therapeutic compositions enabling dose-dependent or dose-specific administration of agents useful in the treatment and prophylaxis of age-related macular degeneration or related retinal degenerative conditions.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to the field of treatment andprophylaxis of retinal degenerative diseases. More particularly, thepresent invention contemplates a method for preventing, reducing therisk of development of, or otherwise treating or ameliorating thesymptoms of, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or related retinalconditions in mammals and in particular humans. The present inventionfurther provides therapeutic compositions enabling dose-dependent ordose-specific administration of agents useful in the treatment andprophylaxis of age-related macular degeneration or related retinaldegenerative conditions.

2. Description of the Prior Art

Reference to any prior art in this specification is not, and should notbe taken as, an acknowledgment or any form of suggestion that that priorart forms part of the common general knowledge in any country.

Bibliographic details of references in the subject specification arealso listed at the end of the specification.

Macular degeneration is a clinical term that is used to describe afamily of diseases that are all characterized by a progressive loss ofcentral vision associated with abnormalities of Bruch's membrane, thechoroid, the neural retina and/or the retinal pigment epithelium. Thesedisorders include very common conditions that affect older subjects—suchas AMD as well as rarer, earlier-onset dystrophies that in some casescan be detected in the first decade of life. Other maculopathies includeNorth Carolina macular dystrophy, Sorsby's fundus dystrophy, Stargardt'sdisease, pattern dystrophy, Best disease and Malattia leventinese.

AMD is the leading cause of permanent vision loss for individuals overage 65, currently affecting approximately 15 million Americans. AMDaffects light-sensitive photoreceptor cells and pigmented epithelialcells in the macula, the center of the retina of the eye, While it maynot cause total blindness, the disease destroys central vision, makingreading, watching electronic monitor screens and driving impossible. Ithas no documented cure, has never demonstrated spontaneous remission andeffective treatments are very limited.

The retina is a complicated network of nerve cells that changes lightinto nerve impulses that travel to the brain where they are interpretedas visual images. The central part of the retina, called the macula, isresponsible for vision that is needed for reading and other detailedwork. Damage to the macula results in poor vision. The most commondisease process that affects the macula is AMD. In patients with AMD,retinal photoreceptor and pigment epithelial cells in the macula dieover the course of several years. The cell death and gradual visual lossusually do not begin until age 60 or older, hence the name age-relatedmacular degeneration.

There are two types of AMD: dry macular degeneration and wet maculardegeneration. Dry macular degeneration, although more common, typicallyresults in a less severe, more gradual loss of vision. Patients who areaffected by dry AMD have gradual loss of central vision due to the deathof photoreceptor cells and their close associates, retinal pigmentedepithelial (RPE) cells, with deposition of a complex waxy amyloidmixture, termed ‘drusen’. Photoreceptors, the cells in the retina thatactually ‘see’ light, are essential for vision. Macrophagic RPE cellsare necessary for photoreceptor survival, function and renewal.

Patients with wet macular degeneration develop new blood vessels underthe retina. As the photoreceptor and RPE cells slowly degenerate, thereis a tendency for blood vessels to grow from their normal location inthe choroid into an abnormal location beneath the retina. This abnormalnew blood vessel growth is called choroidal neovascularization (CNV).The abnormal blood vessels leak and bleed, causing hemorrhage, swelling,scar tissue, and severe loss of central vision. Only 10% of patientswith AMD have the wet type, but it is responsible for 90% of allblindness resulting from AMD.

The RPE cells in the eye act as macrophages, which phagocytize andrecycle components of the membranous outer segments of photoreceptors.If the mitochondria within the RPE cells are damaged, the photoreceptorrecycling is inhibited, with resultant accumulation of drusen. Drusencauses a lateral stretching of the RPE monolayer and physicaldisplacement of the RPE from its immediate vascular supply, thechoriocapillaris. This displacement creates a physical barrier that mayimpede normal metabolite and waste diffusion between thechoriocapillaris and the retina.

Depending on the location, laser treatment can sometimes be given todestroy the abnormal blood vessels formed in wet AMD. Only 15% of thecases of wet AMD are eligible to have laser treatment because the bloodvessels can not be located too close to the center part of the macula.The laser is a beam of light that is absorbed by the pigment of blood,drugs and RPE cells, which converts to heat energy that cauterizes theabnormal blood vessels. Frequently the neovascularization returns, sincethe stimulus has not been removed, resulting in severe loss of vision.In fact, most of the patients with AMD, who have very poor vision, havelost it due to sequelae of neovascularization. Current medical opinionstates that there is no treatment available that permanently preventsthe cell death or abnormal blood vessel growth that occurs in AMD.

To date, there are no known specific measures to prevent the occurrenceof AMD. For patients already diagnozed with AMD in one or both eyes,current main treatments include light targeting (phototherapy) and/or avitamin and mineral supplement, each of which is of debatable value.Phototherapy involves targeting light to the macular area containing thelesion of nascent defective blood vessels to inhibit or impair theirfunction. One type of phototherapy is photodynamic therapy (PDT). InPDT, a photosensitive agent is administered into the vessels of apatient, then the agent is activated at the target site of the lesion ofnew vessels (the macula) by directing low energy light from a laserspecifically to this area. The activated agent generates free radicalsand other activated chemical species which destabilize and destroy thenew vessels.

PDT has been reported to be of some benefit to patients having AMD. Forexample, one study, (Arch. Ophthalmol. 117:1329-1345, 1999) evaluatedPDT in four hundred and two eyes from patients diagnozed with AMD in atleast one eye. Treatment outcome was assessed by comparing the patient'sability to accurately read a conventional vision chart (one having aboutfive letters per line) pre-treatment and post-treatment. At twelvemonths post-PDT, 61% of the eyes (246/402) lost fewer than 15 letters(that is, the patient lost less than about three lines on a standardvisual chart), while 46% of the eyes (96/207) from patients undergoingtreatment with a placebo lost fewer than 15 letters (p<0.001). Attwenty-four months post-PDT, the visual acuity and contrast sensitivitywas sustained in patients receiving PDT. A significantly greaterpercentage of these patients (58%) lost fewer than 15 letters, comparedto patients undergoing treatment with a placebo (38%). However, only 16%of the patients receiving PDT had improved vision, compared to 7% of thepatients receiving a placebo.

Another type of phototherapy is photocoagulation therapy. Inphotocoagulation therapy, high energy light from a laser is directedspecifically to the target site of the new vessels. The heat generatedfrom the high energy laser coagulates the fluid in and around the newvessels. Laser photocoagulation is not a form of PDT; it is a separatetreatment approach. It uses lateral transfer of heat, applied with acautery-like method, to coagulate fluid within and surrounding thevessel, while PDT uses an activated photosensitive agent to generateactive chemicals which damage or destroy the new vessels containing theagent.

While either PDT or laser photocoagulation therapy is separately used totreat patients with AMD, neither is without drawbacks. A problem withPDT is that its effects are transient; patients receiving PDT must beretreated about every three months. Furthermore, the patients require atleast five retreatments within the first two years merely to stabilizetheir condition, and before any therapeutic effect occurs. Thesecumulative treatments damage the retina, further reducing the patient'svisual acuity.

One drawback of laser photocoagulation is that it is non-selective, anddoes not target only the new blood vessels. It must therefore beadministered so that only the lesions are targeted, and the unaffectedsurrounding tissues are undamaged. However, in about half of thepatients with AMD, the new vessels are located in the subfoveal area,which is difficult or impossible to target with laser coagulationwithout damaging the sensory retina. Another drawback is thatphotocoagulation treatment is not permanent and recurrence rates for newvessel production are high, reaching 39-76%, usually within the firsttwo years. However, repeated treatments can actually induce the growthof new vessels and membranes (subretinal neovascular membranes andrecurrent choroidal neovascularizations) at the site of the treatment.Repeated treatments may also irreversibly damage unaffected areas of theretina, including the neurosensory retinal and RPE. Thus, the treatmentitself may result in the patient having further reduced vision over aperiod of time. Specifically, some patients undergoing photocoagulationtherapy develop scotoma, which is an area of depressed vision within thevisual field, surrounded by an area of less depressed or of normalvision.

There is a need, therefore, to develop alternative methods to treat AMDor related conditions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is predicated in part on the recent determinationthat proteinaceous deposits on the limiting membrane of the retina,referred to as “drusen”, also comprise zinc and copper and hence areproposed to be similar to an amyloid type plaque. Hence, the presentinvention contemplates the use of a metal protein attenuating compound(MPAC) to reduce the levels of or otherwise remove excess metal fromdrusen thereby restoring normal metal homeostasis in the retina. Thepresent invention is particularly useful for treating or preventing orotherwise reducing the risk of development of age-related maculardegeneration (AMD); however, the subject invention extends to thetreatment of any retinal degenerative disorder associated with amyloidtype aggregates, complexes, deposits or plaques or any conditionassociated with drusen which comprise excess metal.

The method of the present invention is useful irrespective of anyinhibition of a matrix metalloproteinase and/or a dose-specific amountof MPAC may be employed. A single agent may be administered or acombination of two or more agents.

The present agents comprise at least two fused 6-membered rings with atleast a nitrogen atom at position 1 and a hydroxy or mercapto group atposition 8. Useful compounds are defined by Formulae I through XXVIIwhich are described in detail below.

Examples of suitable compounds include those in Table 8 such as PB-1033,PB-1076, PB-1085, PB-1120, PB-1127, PB-1135, PB-1149, PB-1151, PB-1160and PB-1168 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative orfunctional equivalent thereof.

Hence, one aspect of the present invention contemplates a method for thetreatment or prophylaxis of a retinal degenerative condition or disorderin a subject, said method comprising administering to said subject aneffective amount of an MPAC or formulation comprising an MPAC for a timeand under conditions effective to alter metal levels in retinal drusenor surrounding tissue.

The present invention also provides a method for the treatment orprophylaxis of a retinal degenerative condition or disorder in asubject, said method comprising administering to said subject aneffective amount of an MPAC or formulation comprising an MPAC for a timeand under conditions effective to reduce metal levels in retinal drusenor surrounding tissue.

In particular, the present invention provides a method for treating asubject with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) said methodcomprising administering to said subject an amount of PB-1033 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, derivative or functional equivalentthereof effective to reduce metal in retinal drusen to a level whichameliorates symptoms of AMD.

The phrases “alter metal levels” and “reduce metal” is used in itsbroadest sense and refers to a change in the distribution of a metal inretinal drusen or surrounding tissue as well as a change in the amountor activity of metal in drusen or surrounding tissue. The phrases alsorefer to a reduction in the amount or activity of metal in retinaldrusen or surrounding tissue as well as a reduction in the amount oractivity of metal in particular areas i.e. the distribution of metal inretinal drusen or surrounding tissue.

The selection of an MPAC is generally but not exclusively irrespectiveof its ability to inhibit a metalloproteinase. A defined or specificdosage amount may also be administered.

Accordingly, another aspect of the present invention provides a methodfor the treatment or prophylaxis of a retinal degenerative condition ordisorder in a subject, said method comprising administering to saidsubject an effective amount of an MPAC or formulation comprising an MPACfor a time and under conditions effective to reduce metal levels inretinal drusen or surrounding tissue, irrespective of any effect on amatrix metalloproteinase.

Reference to “irrespective” means that one or more metalloproteinasesmay be inhibited or no metalloproteinases are inhibited.

Still another aspect of the present invention defines a specific dosagerange to optimally restore metal homeostasis in the retina.

Hence, this aspect of the present invention is directed to a method forthe treatment or prophylaxis of a retinal degenerative condition ordisorder in a subject, said method comprising administering to saidsubject an effective amount of an MPAC or formulation comprising an MPACfor a time and under conditions effective to reduce metal levels inretinal drusen or surrounding tissue wherein the effective amount is aspecific dose range to optimally restore metal homeostasis in theretina.

Another aspect of the present invention contemplates a method forreducing levels of a metal from retinal drusen in a subject to therebyameliorate symptoms of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) saidmethod comprising administering to said subject an effective amount ofPB-1033 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, derivative or functionalequivalent thereof.

The present invention also provides for the use of an MPAC in themanufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a retinal degenerativedisorder in a subject.

In particular, the present invention contemplates the use of PS-1033 ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt, derivative or functional equivalentthereof in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment ofage-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a subject.

Combination therapy also forms part of the present invention in whichtwo or more MPACs are administered or an MPAC and another active such asa metal chelator, cytokine, genetic molecule anti-microbial oranti-viral agent, an anti-oxidant, an antibiotic and/or an anesthetic.

The preferred subject is a human although the present invention hasapplication in the veterinary, horse racing and animal husbandryindustries.

The present invention further provides formulations for treating,preventing or reducing the risk of developing a retinal degenerativecondition or disorder comprising an MPAC as herein described.

Whilst PB-1033 is a particularly useful MPAC, the present inventionextends to any MPAC encompassed by the compounds of Formulae I throughXXVII such as but not limited to those in Table 8 including PB-1076,PB-1085, PB-1120, PB-1127, PB-1135, PB-1149, PB-1151, PB-1160 andPB-1168 or a pharmaceutically salt or derivative or functionalequivalent thereof.

Abbreviations used herein are defined in Table 1.

TABLE 1 ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATION DESCRIPTION AMD Age-related maculardegeneration BBB Blood brain barrier CNV Choroidal neovascularisationDrusen Proteinaceous deposits on limiting membrane of retina MPAC Metalprotein attenuated compound PDT Photodynamic therapy RPE cells Retinalpigmented epithelial cells

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Throughout this specification, unless the context requires otherwise,the word “comprise”, or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising”,were understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element or integer orgroup of elements or integers but not the exclusion of any other elementor integer or group of elements or integers.

All scientific citations, patents, patent applications andmanufacturer's technical specifications referred to hereinafter areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Reference to any prior art in this specification is not, and should notbe taken as, an acknowledgment or any form of suggestion that that priorart forms part of the common general knowledge in any country.

It is to be understood that unless otherwise indicated, the subjectinvention is not limited to specific formulation components,manufacturing methods, biological materials or reagents, dosage regimensand the like, as such may vary. It is also to be understood that theterminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting.

As used in the subject specification, the singular forms “a”, “an” and“the” include plural aspects unless the context clearly dictatesotherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a formulation” includes asingle formulation, as well as two or more formulations; reference to“an agent” or “a reagent” includes a single agent or reagent, as well astwo or more agents or reagents; and so forth.

The terms “agent”, “reagent”, “compound”, “pharmacologically activeagent”, “medicament”, “therapeutic”, “active” and “drug” are usedinterchangeably herein to refer to a chemical or biological entity whichinduces or exhibits a desired effect such as ameliorating the symptomsof a retinal degenerative disease. The terms also encompasspharmaceutically acceptable and pharmacologically active ingredients ofthose active agents specifically mentioned herein. When the terms“agent”, “reagent”, “compound”, “pharmacologically active agent”,“medicament”, “therapeutic”, active” and “drug” are used, then it is tobe understood that this includes the active entity per se as well aspharmaceutically acceptable, pharmacologically active salts, esters,amides, prodrugs, metabolites, analogs, etc.

Reference to an “agent”, “chemical agent”, “compound”,“pharmacologically active agent”, “medicament”, “therapeutic”, “active”and “drug” includes combinations of two or more active agents. A“combination” also includes multi-part such as a two-part compositionwhere the agents are provided separately and given or dispensedseparately or admixed together prior to dispenzation. For example, amulti-part pharmaceutical pack may have two or more agents separatelymaintained. Hence, this aspect of the present invention includescombination therapy. Combination therapy includes the co-administrationof a metal chelator and another active such as a chemical compound,cytokine, genetic molecule, anti-microbial or anti-viral agent, anantibiotic and/or an anasthetic.

The terms “effective amount” and “therapeutically effective amount” ofan agent as used herein mean a sufficient amount of the agent to providethe desired therapeutic or physiological or effect or outcome. Such aneffect or outcome includes altering or reducing availability of metalions and/or reducing their amount in drusen, reducing amyloid levelsreducing or preventing macular degeneration or a related conditionand/or treating or preventing vision impairment. Undesirable effects,e.g. side effects, are sometimes manifested along with the desiredtherapeutic effect; hence, a practitioner balances the potentialbenefits against the potential risks in determining what is anappropriate “effective amount”. The exact amount required will vary fromsubject to subject, depending on the species, age and general conditionof the subject, mode of administration and the like. Thus, it may not bepossible to specify an exact “effective amount”. However, an appropriate“effective amount” in any individual case may be determined by one ofordinary skill in the art using only routine experimentation.

The effective amount is deemed the amount required to prevent orameliorate symptoms of the retinal degeneration condition such as AMD.In one embodiment, the amount of MPAC used is the amount required to orwhich is effective in reducing levels of metal drusen. Examples ofmetals include zinc and copper. Effective amounts include from 1 ng/mlto 1000 mg/ml such as from about 5 ng/ml to about 500 mg/ml or about 10ng/ml to about 100 mg/ml or amounts or ranges in between.

The terms “metal” and “metal ion: may be used interchangedly in thiscontext.

By “pharmaceutically acceptable” carrier, excipient or diluent is meanta pharmaceutical vehicle comprized of a material that is notbiologically or otherwise undesirable, i.e. the material may beadministered to a subject along with the selected active agent withoutcausing any or a substantial adverse reaction. Carriers may includeexcipients and other additives such as diluents, detergents, coloringagents, wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents,preservatives, and the like.

Similarly, a “pharmacologically acceptable” salt, ester, amide, prodrugor derivative of a compound as provided herein is a salt, ester, amide,prodrug or derivative that this not biologically or otherwiseundesirable.

“Treating” a subject may involve prevention of a retinal degenerativecondition or other adverse physiological event in a susceptibleindividual as well as treatment of a clinically symptomatic individualby ameliorating the symptoms of the condition. In particular, thepresence invention contemplates a reduction of amyloid type plaqueformation and/or a reduction in metal content in drusen to restorenormal metal homeostasis in the retina.

The “subject” as used herein refers to an animal, preferably a mammaland more preferably a primate including a lower primate and even morepreferably a human who can benefit from the formulations and methods ofthe present invention. A subject regardless of whether a human ornon-human animal may be referred to as an individual, patient, animal,host or recipient. The compounds and methods of the present inventionhave applications in human medicine, veterinary medicine as well as ingeneral, domestic or wild animal husbandry. For convenience, an “animal”includes an avian species such as a poultry bird (including ducks,chicken, turkeys and geese), an aviary bird or game bird. The conditionin a non-human animal may not be a naturally occurring but induced suchas in an animal model.

As indicated above, the preferred animals are humans, non-human primatessuch as marmosets, baboons, orang-utans, lower primates such as tupia,livestock animals, laboratory test animals, companion animals or captivewild animals. A human is the most preferred target. However, non-humananimal models may be used.

Examples of laboratory test animals include mice, rats, rabbits, guineapigs and hamsters. Rabbits and rodent animals, such as rats and mice,provide a convenient test system or animal model as do primates andlower primates. Livestock animals include sheep, cows, pigs, goats,horses and donkeys. Non-mammalian animals such as avian species,zebrafish, amphibians (including cane toads) and Drosophila species suchas Drosophila melanogaster are also contemplated. Instead of a liveanimal model, a test system may also comprise a tissue culture system.

A “retinal degenerative condition” is a condition which is characterizedby a progressive loss of vision. Conditions within the scope of thisterm include age-related macular degeneration (AMD), North Carolinamacular dystrophy, Sorsby's fudus dystrosphyii, Stargardt's disease,pattern dystrophy, Best disease and Malattia leventinese.

A particular condition for which the agents and the methods of thepresent invention can be effective is AMD. However, the presentinvention extends to any retinal degenerative disease associated with orcharacterized by amyloid like aggregates, deposits or plaques.

Hence, one aspect of the present invention contemplates a method for thetreatment or prophylaxis of a retinal degenerative condition or disorderin a subject, said method comprising administering to said subject aneffective amount of an MPAC or formulation comprising an MPAC for a timeand under conditions effective to alter metal levels in retinal drusenor surrounding tissue. In one embodiment, the altered metal levels arereduced metal levels.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for thetreatment or prophylaxis of a retinal degenerative condition or disorderin a subject, said method comprising administering to said subject aneffective amount of an MPAC or formulation comprising an MPAC for a timeand under conditions effective to alter metal levels in retinal drusenor surrounding tissue, irrespective of any effect on a matrixmetalloproteinase. In one embodiment, the altered metal levels arereduced metal levels.

Still a further aspect of the present invention is directed to a methodfor the treatment or prophylaxis of a retinal degenerative condition ordisorder in a subject, said method comprising administering to saidsubject an effective amount of an MPAC or formulation comprising an MPACfor a time and under conditions effective to reduce metal levels inretinal drusen or surrounding tissue wherein the effective amount is aspecific dose range to optimally restore metal homeostasis in theretina.

The present invention also provides for the use of an MPAC in themanufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a retinal degenerativedisorder in a subject.

The preferred agents of the present invention comprise at least twofused 6-membered rings with at least a nitrogen atom at position 1 and ahydroxy or mercapto group at position 8. The agents of the presentinvention are collectively referred to as metal protein attenuatingcompounds or MPACs and have one or more of the following properties: actas ionophores (i.e. capture and transfer metals into cells), is a metalbinder, crosses the blood brain barrier (BBB), exhibits reduced celltoxicity, is capable of dissolving or disrupting amyloid type proteindeposits, aggregates or plaques and is stable in aqueous environments.[Preferably, the agents have two or more, three or more or four or moreor five or more] of the above-listed properties.

Particularly useful compounds, defined further below, include those inTable 8 such as PB-1033, PB-1076, PB-1085, PB-1120, PB-1127, PB-1135,PB-1149, PB-1151, PB-1160 and PB-1168 or a pharmaceutically salt orderivative or functional equivalent thereof. PB-1033 is particularlyuseful although the present invention is not to be so limited.

In this regard, the present invention further contemplates a method fortreating a subject with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) saidmethod comprising administering to said subject an amount of PB-1033 ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt, derivative or functional equivalentthereof effective to reduce metal in retinal drusen to a level whichameliorates symptoms of AMD.

The subject invention also provides a method for reducing levels of ametal from retinal drusen in a subject to thereby ameliorate symptoms ofage-related macular degeneration (AMD) said method comprisingadministering to said subject an effective amount of PB-1033 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, derivative or equivalent thereof.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable chemical derivatives orfunctional equivalents of PB-1033 include those in Table 8 such asPB-1076, PB-1085, PB-1120, PB-1127, PB-1135, PB-1149, PB-1151, PB-1160and PB-1168 or a pharmaceutically salt or derivative or functionalequivalent thereof. Examples of metals include zinc and copper.

Hence, certain useful agents of the present invention are encompassed bycompounds of Formula I:

in which:

R is O or S;

R¹ is independently selected from H, optionally substituted alkyl,optionally substituted alkenyl; optionally substituted alkynyl;optionally substituted aryl; optionally substituted heterocyclyl; anantioxidant; a targeting moiety; CN; halo; CF₃; SO₃H; and OR², SR²,SOR², SO₂R², NR²R³, (CH₂)_(n)NR²R³, HCNOR², HCNNR²R³, CONR²R³, CSNR²R³,NCOR², NCSR², COR², CO₂R², CSR² or SO₂NR²R³ in which R² and R³ areindependently selected from H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionallysubstituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an antioxidant ora targeting moiety and n is an integer of 1 to 10;X is independently selected from CH, CO, N and NH;Z is independently selected from CH, CO, N, NH and O;Y is independently absent or together with the ring to which it isattached forms a 5- or 6-membered optionally substituted aryl or a 5- or6-membered optionally substituted heterocyclyl;m is an integer from 1 to 3; andp is an integer from 1 to 4,salts, hydrates, solvates, derivatives, pro-drugs, tautomers and/orisomers thereof to a subject in need thereof,with the provisos that:(i) at least one of X and Z is other than CH; and(ii) phanquinone or tautomers thereof are excluded i.e., when R is O, R¹at position 7 is OH, X is CH and Y is absent, then Z is not

Preferably, R is O.

In addition, R¹ is preferably halo, optionally substituted aryl,optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted alkyl, OR²,SR², (CH₂)_(n)NR²R³, CONR²R³ and NCOR² in which n, R² and R³ are asdefined above. More preferably R¹ is fluorine; iodine; chlorine;optionally substituted phenyl such as 4-halophenyl, for example,4-fluorophenyl or 4-chlorophenyl; an optionally substituted unsaturated3 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic group containing 1 to 4 nitrogen atomssuch as imidazolyl or pyridinyl; an optionally substituted saturated 3to 6-membered heteromonocyclic group containing 1 to 4 nitrogen atomssuch as imidazolidinyl or piperazinyl; an optionally substitutedsaturated 3 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic group containing 1 to 2oxygen atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms such as morpholinyl; optionallysubstituted C₁₋₄ alkyl such as methyl or ethyl; optionally substitutedC₂₋₆ cycloalkyl such as cyclopropyl; optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkoxy;optionally substituted thio; CH₂NR⁴R⁵ in which R⁴ and R⁵ areindependently selected from H and C₁₋₄ alkyl; or CONH(CH₂)₂R⁶ in whichR⁶ is optionally substituted heterocyclyl.

Y is preferably an optionally substituted phenyl; an optionallysubstituted unsaturated 5- or 6-membered heteromonocyclic groupcontaining 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms such as imidazolyl or pyridinyl; or anoptionally substituted saturated 5 or 6-membered heteromonocyclic groupcontaining 1 to 2 oxygen atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms such asmorpholinyl.

The preferred halo group is chlorine but other halogen atoms areencompassed by the present invention.

Illustrative classes of compounds of Formula I are as follows:

in which R¹, m, n and p are as defined above and q is an integer of 1 or2.

The above compounds also form part of more generic groups of compoundssuch as those encompassed by Formula II:

in whichR¹ is H or halo, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substitutedalkenyl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted aryl,optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an antioxidant or a targetingmoiety;R² is H; optionally substituted alkyl; optionally substituted alkenyl;optionally substituted aryl; optionally substituted heterocyclyl;optionally substituted alkoxy; an antioxidant; a targeting moiety; COR⁶or CSR⁶ in which R⁶ is H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, hydroxy, optionally substituted aryl, optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl, an antioxidant, a targeting moiety, OR⁷, SR⁷or NR⁷R⁸ in which R⁷ and R⁸ are either the same or different andselected from H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substitutedalkenyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substitutedheterocyclyl; CN; (CH₂)_(n)NR⁹R¹⁰, HCNOR⁹ or HCNNR⁹R¹⁰ in which R⁹ andR¹⁰ are either the same or different and selected from H, optionallysubstituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionallysubstituted aryl or optionally substituted heterocyclyl and n is 1 to 4;OR¹¹, SR¹¹ or NR¹¹R¹² in which R¹¹ and R¹² are either the same ordifferent and selected from H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl or together form optionally substitutedheterocyclyl; or SO₂NR¹³R¹⁴ in which R¹³ and R¹⁴ are either the same ordifferent and selected from H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl; andR³, R⁴, R⁵, R and R′ are either the same or different and selected fromH, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted acyl, hydroxy,optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted thio, optionallysubstituted sulphonyl, optionally substituted sulphinyl, optionallysubstituted sulphonylamino, halo, SO₃H, amine, CN, CF₃, optionallysubstituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an antioxidant ora targeting moiety,salts, hydrates, solvates, derivatives, pro-drugs, tautomers and/orisomers thereof with the provisos that:(a) when R¹ to R³, R and R′ are H, then R⁴ is not Cl or I and R⁵ is notI;(b) when R¹ to R³, R, R′ and R⁵ are H, then R⁴ is not

(c) when R¹, R⁵, R′ and R are H, R² is CO₂H and R³ is OH, then R⁴ is notbromo, methyl, phenyl, hydroxymethyl or trifluoromethyl;(d) when R¹, R⁴, R⁵ and R are H, R² is CO₂H and R³ is OH, then W is notbromo, iodo, methyl, phenyl, propyl, phenethyl, heptyl,benzylaminomethyl, 3-aminopropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 4-methoxyphenyl,3-methylphenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 3,4-dichlorophenyl, pyridin-3-yl,furo-2-yl, 4-chlorophenyl, 3,4-dichlorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl,3-chlorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl orpiperidin-2-yl;(e) when R¹, R⁴, R and R′ are H, R² is CO₂H and R³ is OH, then R⁵ is notphenyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, phenethyl, 3-aminoprop-1-yl or hex-1-yl;(f) when R¹, R⁴, R′ and R⁵ are H, R² is CO₂H and R³ is OH, then R is notN-morpholinomethyl, bromo or phenyl;(g) when R¹, R and R′ are H, R² is CO₂H and R³ is OH, then R⁴ and R⁵ arenot chloro;(h) when R¹, R⁴ and R′ are H, R² is CO₂H and R³ is OH, then R and R⁵ arenot bromo;(i) when R¹, R, R′ and R⁵ are H, R² is CO₂Me and R³ is OH, then R⁴ isnot hydroxymethyl, phenyl or bromo;(j) when R¹, R, R⁴ and R⁵ are H, R² is CO₂Me and R³ is OH, then R′ isnot 4-methoxyphenyl, 3-methylphenyl, pyridin-3-yl, benzyl, bromo,4-chlorophenyl, 3,4-dichlorophenyl, 3-hydroxypropyl or3-tert-butoxycarbonylaminopropyl;(k) when R¹, R, R⁴ and R′ are H, R² is CO₂Me and R³ is OH, then R⁵ isnot phenyl or 3-tert-butoxycarbonylaminoprop-1-yl;(l) when R¹, R, R⁴, R′ and R⁵ are H and R² is CO₂Me, then R³ is nottoluene-4-sulphonylamino, piperazin-1-yl, morpholin-1-yl,piperidin-1-yl, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl, 3-benzoylaminoprop-1-yl,phenethyl, 3-tert-butoxycarbonylaminopropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, amino orhex-1-yl;(m) when R¹, R⁴, R′ and R⁵ are H, R² is CO₂Na and R³ is OH, then R isnot phenyl;(n) when R¹, R, R⁴, R′ and R⁵ are H and R² is CO₂H, then R³ is notphenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, phenethyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, amino,morpholin-1-yl, piperidin-1-yl, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl,toluene-4-sulphonylamino, 3-benzoylaminoprop-1-yl, aminoprop-1-ynyl,hex-1-yl, 5-hydroxypent-1-yl, piperazin-1-yl or2-(1-piperazinyl)pyrimidinyl;(o) when R¹, R′ and R are H, R² is CO₂Me and R³ is OH, then R⁴ and R⁵are not chloro;(p) when R¹, R⁴, R′ and R⁵ are H, R² is CO₂Me and R³ is OH, then R isnot bromo;(q) when R¹, R′ and R⁴ are H, R² is CO₂Me and R³ is OH, then R and R⁵are not bromo;(r) when R¹, R, R³, R′ and R⁵ are H and R² is CO₂H, then R⁴ is notphenyl, 4-chlorophenyl or phenylethyl;(s) when R¹, R⁵, R′, R⁴, R³ and R are H, then R² is not2H-tetrazol-1-yl;(t) when R¹, R⁵, R⁴ and R are H, R² is CO₂H and R³ is OH, then R′ is not3,5-dichlorophenyl or 4-fluorophenyl; and(u) at least one of R¹ to R⁵, R and R′ is other than H.

Useful compounds of Formula II are as follows:

in which:R, R¹ and R³ are as defined in Formula II above; andR² _(a) is H; optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; optionally substitutedC₁₋₆ alkenyl; optionally substituted aryl; optionally substitutedheterocyclyl; an antioxidant; a targeting moiety; COR⁶ _(a) or CSR⁶ _(a)in which R⁶ _(a) is H, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionallysubstituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, hydroxy, optionally substituted aryl,optionally substituted heterocyclyl or OR⁷ _(a), SR⁷ _(a) or NR⁷ _(a)R⁸_(a) in which R⁷ _(a) and R⁸ _(a) are either the same or different andselected from H, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionallysubstituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl; CN; CH₂NR⁹ _(a)R¹⁰ _(a), HCNOR⁹ _(a) or HCNNR⁹_(a)R¹⁰ in which R⁹ _(a) and R¹⁰ _(a) are either the same or differentand selected from H, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionallysubstituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl; OR¹¹ _(a), SR¹¹ _(a) or NR¹¹ _(a)R¹² _(a) inwhich R¹¹ _(a) and R¹² _(a) are either the same or different andselected from H, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionallysubstituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl or together form optionally substitutedheterocyclyl; or SO₂NR¹³ _(a)R¹⁴ _(a) in which R¹³ _(a) and R¹⁴ _(a) areeither the same or different and selected from H or optionallysubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, optionallysubstituted aryl or optionally substituted heterocyclyl.

Preferred compounds of Formula III are as follows:

in which:R¹ is as defined in Formula II above; andR^(2′) _(a) is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionally substitutedC₂₋₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substitutedheterocyclyl.

Formula IV may represent compounds in which an antioxidant moiety isattached to the C2 position of the 8-hydroxyquinoline in such a way thatexposure to a prooxidative environment, that is, hydroxy radicals, willresult in a molecule with enhanced metal binding properties.

Representative examples are shown below:

in which:R¹ and R³ are as defined in Formula II above; andR^(6′) _(a) is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionally substitutedC₂₋₆ alkenyl, hydroxy, OR^(7′) _(a), SR^(7′) _(a), N₂R^(7′) _(a), orNR^(7′) _(a)R^(8′) _(a) in which R^(7′) _(a) and R^(8′) _(a) are eitherthe same or different and selected from H, optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substitutedheterocyclyl.

Formula V represents compounds in which a hydrophilic amide moiety isattached to the C2 position of the 8-hydroxyquinoline so as to generallyenhance solubility while maintaining membrane permeability.

Representative examples are shown below:

in which:R¹ is as defined in Formula II above; andR^(2′) _(a) is CN; CH₂NR^(9′) _(a)R^(10′) _(a), HCNOR^(9′) _(a) orHCNNR^(9′) _(a)R^(10′) _(a) in which R^(9′) _(a) and R^(10′) _(a) areeither the same or different and selected from H, optionally substitutedC₁₋₆ alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted arylor optionally substituted heterocyclyl.

Representative examples are shown below:

in which:R¹ is as defined in Formula II above; andR^(11′) _(a) and R^(12′) _(a) are either the same or different andselected from H, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionallysubstituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl and optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl or together form optionally substitutedheterocyclyl.

in which:R¹ is as defined in Formula II above; andR^(13′) _(a) and R^(14′) _(a) are either the same or different andselected from H, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionallysubstituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl.

in which:R¹, R′, R, R² and R³ are as defined in Formula II above;R⁴ _(b) and R⁵ _(b) are either the same or different and selected fromH; optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl; halo; CN; CF₃; optionally substituted aryl; optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl; an antioxidant; a targeting moiety; SO₃H;SO₂NR¹³ _(a)R¹⁴ _(a) in which R¹³ _(a) and R¹⁴ _(a) are as defined inFormula III above; or OR¹⁵ _(b), SR¹⁵ _(b), SO₂R¹⁵ _(b), CONR¹⁵ _(b)R¹⁶_(b) or NR¹⁵ _(b)R¹⁶ _(b) in which R¹⁵ _(b) and R¹⁶ _(b) are either thesame or different and selected from H, optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₆acyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substitutedheterocyclyl,including provisos (a) to (c), (e), (g), (h), (I), (k), (o), (q), (r),and (u) as defined above.Useful compounds of Formula IX are as follows:

in which:R¹, R′, R, R² and R³ are as defined in Formula II above; andR^(4′) _(b) and R^(5′) _(a) are as defined in Formula IX above providedthat at least one is halo, including provisos (a), (c), (g), (h), (i),(o), (q) and (u) defined above.

in which:R¹ is as defined in Formula II above;R^(4″) _(b) is H or halo; andR^(5″) _(b) is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substitutedheterocyclyl.

A representative example is shown below.

in which:R¹ is as defined in Formula II above;R″ is C₁₋₆ alkoxy, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl or C₁₋₅ haloalkyl; andR^(5″) _(b) is H or halo.

A representative example is shown below.

in whichR¹ is as defined in Formula II above; andR″ is as defined in Formula XIII above.

in which:R² to R⁵, R and R′ are as defined in Formula II above; andR^(1″) _(b) is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionally substitutedaryl, optionally substituted aryl acyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl acyl or optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl.

in which:R¹, R², R³, R and R′ are as defined in Formula II; andat least one of R⁴ _(c) and R⁵ _(c) is halo and the other is selectedfrom H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted acyl, hydroxy,optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted thio, optionallysubstituted sulphonyl, optionally substituted sulphinyl, optionallysubstituted sulphonylamino, SO₃H, amine, CN, CF₃, optionally substitutedaryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an antioxidant and atargeting moiety,salts, hydrates, solvates, derivatives, pro-drugs, tautomers and/orisomers thereofwith the provisos that:(a) when R¹ to R³, R and R′ are H, then R⁴ _(c) is not chloro or iodoand R⁵ _(c) is not iodo;(b) when R¹, R⁵ _(c), R′ and R are H, R² is CO₂H and R³ is OH, then R⁴_(c) is not bromo;(c) when R¹, R and R′ are H, R² is CO₂H and R³ is OH, then R⁴ _(c) andR⁵ _(c) are not chloro;(d) when R¹, R⁴ _(c) and R′ are H, R² is CO₂H or CO₂Me and R³ is OH,then R and R⁵ _(c) are not bromo;(e) when R¹, R, R′ and R⁵ _(c) are H, R² is CO₂Me and R³ is OH, then R⁴_(c) is not bromo; and(f) when R¹, R and R′ are H, R² is CO₂Me and R³ is OH, then R⁴ _(c) andR⁵ _(c) are not chloro.

A preferred compound of Formula XV is as follows:

in which:R², R, R′, R⁴ _(c) and R⁵ _(c) are as defined in Formula XVI; andR^(3′) is H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substitutedalkenyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted acyl,optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted thio, optionallysubstituted sulphonyl, optionally substituted sulphinyl, optionallysubstituted sulphonylamino, halo, SO₃H, amine, CN, CF₃, optionallysubstituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an antioxidant ora targeting moiety,with the proviso that at least one of R, R² and R^(3′) is other than H.

Representative examples are shown below:

in which:R¹ is as defined in Formula II and R⁴ _(c) is as defined in Formula XV;andR^(5″) _(c) is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substitutedheterocyclyl;

in which:P R¹ is as defined in Formula II, R⁵ _(c) is as defined in Formula XVand R″ is as defined in Formula XII; and

in which:R², R³, R and R′ are as defined in Formula II, R⁴ _(c) and R⁵ _(c) areas defined in Formula XV and R¹ _(b) is as defined in Formula XII.

Other examples of compounds contemplated herein include:

The present invention also provides a compound of Formula XX which is acompound of Formula II with the provisos that:

(a) when R¹ and R³ to R⁵, R and R′ are H, then R² is not H, methyl,

-   -   CO₂H, CN, CONCH₂CO₂H, COCH₃, CH₂NH₂, CNOH, (pyrid-2-yl),        2-hydroxyphenyl, CHNNH₂, NH-(pyrid-2-yl),

or SO₃H;

(b) when R¹ and R⁴ to R⁷ are H, then R³ is not OH and R² is not CO₂H;(c) when R¹ to R³, R⁶ and R⁷ are H, then (i) when R⁵ is I, R⁴ is not Cl,SO₃H or I; (ii) when R⁵ is H, R⁴ is not SO₃H, NH₂ or Cl; (iii) R⁴ and R⁵are both not Cl, Br or CH₃; and (iv) when R² to R⁷ are H, then R¹ is not

(d) when R1 to R³, R and R′ are H, then R⁴ is not Cl or I and R⁵ is notI;(e) when R1 to R³, R, ′ and R⁵ are H, then R⁴ is not

(f) when R¹, R⁵, R′ and R are H, R² is CO₂H and R³ is OH, then R⁴ is notbromo, methyl, phenyl, hydroxymethyl or trifluoromethyl;(g) when R¹, R⁴, R⁵ and R are H, R² is CO₂H and R³ is OH, then R′ is notbromo, iodo, methyl, phenyl, propyl, phenethyl, heptyl,benzylaminomethyl, 3-aminopropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 4-methoxyphenyl,3-methylphenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 3,4-dichlorophenyl, pyridin-3-yl,furo-2-yl, 4-chlorophenyl, 3,4-dichlorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl,3-chlorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl orpiperidin-2-yl;(h) when R¹, R⁴, R and R′ are H, R² is CO₂H and R³ is OH, then R⁵ is notphenyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, phenethyl, 3-aminoprop-1-yl or hex-1-yl;(i) when R¹, R⁴, R′ and R⁵ are H, R² is CO₂H and R³ is OH, then R is notN-morpholinomethyl, bromo or phenyl;(j) when R¹, R and R′ are H, R² is CO₂H and R³ is OH, then R⁴ and R⁵ arenot chloro;(k) when R¹, R⁴ and R′ are H, R² is CO₂H and R³ is OH, then R and R⁵ arenot bromo;(l) when R¹, R, R′ and R⁵ are H, R² is CO₂Me and R³ is OH, then R⁴ isnot hydroxymethyl, phenyl or bromo;(m) when R¹, R, R⁴ and R⁵ are H, R² is CO₂Me and R³ is OH, then R′ isnot 4-methoxyphenyl, 3-methylphenyl, pyridin-3-yl, benzyl, bromo,4-chlorophenyl, 3,4-dichlorophenyl, 3-hydroxypropyl or3-tert-butoxycarbonylaminopropyl;(n) when R¹, R, R⁴ and R′ are H, R² is CO₂Me and R³ is OH, then R⁵ isnot phenyl or 3-tert-butoxycarbonylaminoprop-1-yl;(o) when R¹, R, R⁴, R′ and R⁵ are H and R² is CO₂Me, then R³ is nottoluene-4-sulphonylamino, piperazin-1-yl, morpholin-1-yl,piperidin-1-yl, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl, 3-benzoylaminoprop-1-yl,phenethyl, 3-tert-butoxycarbonylaminopropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, amino orhex-1-yl;(p) when R¹, R⁴, R′ and R⁵ are H, R² is CO₂Na and R³ is OH, then R isnot phenyl;(q) when R¹, R, R⁴, R′ and R⁵ are H and R² is CO₂H, then R³ is notphenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, phenethyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, amino,morpholin-1-yl, piperidin-1-yl, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl,toluene-4-sulphonylamino, 3-benzoylaminoprop-1-yl, aminoprop-1-ynyl,hex-1-yl, 5-hydroxypent-1-yl, piperazin-1-yl or2-(1-piperazinyl)pyrimidinyl;(r) when R¹, R′ and R are H, R² is CO₂Me and R³ is OH, then R⁴ and R⁵are not chloro;(s) when R¹, R⁴, R′ and R⁵ are H, R² is CO₂Me and R³ is OH, then R isnot bromo;(t) when R¹, R′ and R⁴ are H, R² is CO₂Me and R³ is OH, then R and R⁵are not bromo;(u) when R¹, R, R³, R′ and R⁵ are H and R² is CO₂H, then R⁴ is notphenyl, 4-chlorophenyl or phenylethyl;(v) when R¹, R⁵, R′, R⁴, R³ and R are H, then R² is not2H-tetrazol-1-yl;(w) when R¹, R⁵, R⁴ and R are H, R² is CO₂H and R³ is OH, then R′ is not3,5-dichlorophenyl or 4-fluorophenyl; and(x) at least one of R¹ to R⁵, R and R′ is other than H;(y) when R¹ to R³, R⁵, R′ and R are H, then R⁴ is not chloro, NH₂ orSO₃H; and(z) when R¹, R³ to R⁵, R and R′ are H, then R² is not CH₃.

Preferably, the invention provides a compound of Formula Ic, with theadditional provisos that:

(g) when R¹ to R³, R and R′ are H, then R⁴ _(c) and R⁵ _(c) are both notchloro or bromo; and(h) when R¹ to R³, R⁵ _(c), R and R′ are H, then R⁴ _(c) is not chloro.

Particularly preferred compounds include a series of so called “PB” (orPBT) compounds, some of which are referred to above, such as:

The 8-hydroxyl or 8-mercapto group on the above compounds may be blockedto form a prodrug, in particular an ester prodrug. The 8-hydroxy or8-mercapto represents a principal site of metabolism for the abovecompounds: conjugation with glucuronic acid or sulphate gives ahydrophilic species ready to be excreted.

Other useful compounds include a compound of Formula XXI:

in which:R, R¹ and m are as defined for Formula I;

W is CH, N or NH; U is CH, CO or N; and

Y′, together with the ring to which it is attached forms a 6 memberedN-containing optionally substituted heterocyclyl.

Preferred compounds of Formula XXI are as follows:

in which R, R¹, m and q are as for Formula I.

Preferably R¹ is located at positions 2, 3, 5 and/or 7 and is selectedfrom halo, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheterocyclyl, optionally substituted alkyl and (CH₂)_(n)NR²R³ in whichn, R² and R³ are as defined above. More preferably R¹ is chlorine,optionally substituted phenyl, C₂₋₆ cycloalkyl, CH₂NR⁴R⁵ in which R⁴ andR⁵ are independently selected from H and C₁₋₄ alkyl or optionallysubstituted pyridinyl.

Particularly examples are shown below.

in which R, R¹, m and q are as defined for Formula I.

R¹ may be is located at positions 2, 4, 5 and/or 7 and is selected fromhalo and optionally substituted heterocyclyl. Preferably, R¹ is chloroand/or morpholinyl.

Preferred examples are shown below.

in which R, R¹, m and q are as defined for Formula I.

Preferably R¹ is located at positions 2, 5 and/or 7 and is selected fromhalo and CH₂NR⁴R⁵ in which R⁴ and R⁵ are independently selected from Hand C₁₋₄ alkyl.

Useful examples are shown below.

in which R, R¹, m and q are as defined for Formula I.

Preferably R¹ is located at positions 2 and/or 7 and is selected fromoptionally substituted heterocyclyl, CO₂R², (CH₂)_(n)NR²R³ and CONR²R³in which n, R² and R³ are as defined in Formula I.

Preferred examples are shown below.

in which R, R¹, m and q are as defined for Formula I.

Preferably R¹ is located at positions 2, 3, 6 and/or 7 and is selectedfrom halo, optionally substituted aryl and (CH₂)_(n)NR²R³ in which n, R²and R³ are as defined for Formula I.

Preferred examples are shown below.

in which R¹ and m are as defined for Formula I.

Preferably R¹ is located at positions 2 and/or 7 and is selected fromhalo and (CH₂)_(n)NR²R³ in which n, R² and R³ are as defined above.

Useful examples are shown below.

Reference to the above listed compounds includes their pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts and isomers.

The term “alkyl” used either alone or in compound words such as“optionally substituted alkyl” or “alkylamino” refers to straight chain,branched chain or cyclic hydrocarbon groups having from 1 to 10 carbonatoms, preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 4 carbonatoms. Illustrative of such alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, neopentyl,hexyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl. Preferredalkyl groups are C₁₋₄ alkyl such as methyl or ethyl and C₂₋₆ cycloalkylsuch as cyclopropyl.

The term “alkenyl” used either alone or in compound words such as“optionally substituted alkenyl”, denotes linear, branched or mono- orpoly-cyclic radicals having at least one carbon-carbon double bond of 2to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 14 carbon atoms, more preferably 2to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of alkenyl radicals include allyl, ethenyl,propenyl, butenyl, iso-butenyl, 3-methyl-2-butenyl, 1-pentenyl,cyclopentenyl, 1-methyl-cyclopentenyl, 1-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl,cyclohexenyl, 1-heptenyl, 3-heptenyl, 1-octenyl, cyclooctenyl,1-nonenyl, 2-nonenyl, 3-nonenyl, 1-decenyl, 3-decenyl, 1,3-butadienyl,1,4-pentadienyl, 1,3-cyclopentadienyl, 1,3-hexadienyl, 1,4-hexadienyl,1,3-cyclohexadienyl, 1,4-cyclohexadienyl, 1,3-cycloheptadienyl,1,3,5-cycloheptatrienyl, 1,3,5,7-cycloocta-tetraenyl and the like.

The term “alkynyl” used either alone or in compound words such as“optionally substituted alkynyl” refers to straight chain or branchedchain radicals having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond of 2 to 20carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 14 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 6carbon atoms. Examples include ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 1- and 2-butynyl,2-methyl-2-propynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, 2-hexynyl,3-hexynyl, 4-hexynyl, 5-hexynyl, 10-undecynyl, 4-ethyl-1-octyn-3-yl,7-dodecynyl, 9-dodecynyl, 10-dodecynyl, 3-methyl-1-dodecyn-3-yl,2-tridecynyl, 11-tridecynyl, 3-tetradecynyl, 7-hexadecynyl,3-octadecynyl and the like.

The term “heterocyclyl group” used either alone or in compound wordssuch as “optionally substituted heterocyclyl” refers to monocyclic orpolycyclic heterocyclic groups containing at least one heteroatom atomselected from nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen.

Suitable heterocyclic groups include N-containing heterocyclic groups,such as, unsaturated 3 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic groups containing1 to 4 nitrogen atoms, for example, pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, imidazolyl,pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl,triazolyl or tetrazolyl;

saturated 3 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic groups containing 1 to 4nitrogen atoms, such as, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidino orpiperazinyl;unsaturated condensed heterocyclic groups containing 1 to 5 nitrogenatoms, such as indolyl, isoindolyl, indolizinyl, benzimidazolyl,quinolyl, isoquinolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl ortetrazolopyridazinyl;unsaturated 3 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic group containing an oxygenatom, such as, pyranyl or furyl;unsaturated 3 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic group containing 1 to 2sulphur atoms, such as, thienyl;unsaturated 3 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic group containing 1 to 2oxygen atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms, such as, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl oroxadiazolyl;saturated 3 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic group containing 1 to 2oxygen atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms, such as, morpholinyl;unsaturated condensed heterocyclic group containing 1 to 2 oxygen atomsand 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms, such as, benzoxazolyl or benzoxadiazolyl;unsaturated 3 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic group containing 1 to 2sulphur atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms, such as, thiazolyl orthiadiazolyl;saturated 3 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic group containing 1 to 2sulphur atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms, such as, thiazolidinyl; andunsaturated condensed heterocyclic group containing 1 to 2 sulphur atomsand 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms, such as, benzothiazolyl or benzothiadiazolyl.

Preferably the heterocyclyl is an unsaturated 5 or 6-memberedheteromonocyclic group containing 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms such asimidazolyl or pyridinyl; a saturated 5 or 6-membered heteromonocyclicgroup containing 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms such as imidazolidinyl orpiperazinyl; or a saturated 5 or 6-membered heteromonocyclic groupcontaining 1 to 2 oxygen atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms such asmorpholinyl.

The term “aryl” used either alone or in compound words such as“optionally substituted aryl” denotes a carbocyclic aromatic systemcontaining one, two or three rings wherein such rings may be attachedtogether in a pendent manner or may be fused. The term “aryl” embracesaromatic radicals such as phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indaneand biphenyl. Preferably, the aryl is optionally substituted phenyl suchas 4-halophenyl, more preferably 4-fluorophenyl or 4-chlorophenyl.

The term “halo” refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine,preferably fluorine, iodine or chlorine, most preferably chlorine.

The term “alkoxy” refers to straight chain or branched oxy-containingradicals preferably each having alkyl portions of 1 to about 6 carbonatoms. Examples of alkoxy include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy andtert-butoxy.

The term “optionally substituted thio” refers to optional substituentssuch as radicals containing a linear or branched alkyl of 1 to 10 carbonatoms, preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 4 carbonatoms, attached to a divalent sulphur atom. Examples of alkylthioradicals include methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, butylthio andhexylthio.

The term “optionally substituted” refers to a group which may or may notbe further substituted with one or more groups selected from alkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aldehyde, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl,haloalkynyl, haloaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkenyloxy, aryloxy, benzyloxy,haloalkoxy, haloalkenyloxy, haloaryloxy, nitro, nitroalkyl,nitroalkenyl, nitroalkynyl, nitroaryl, nitroheterocyclyl, amino,alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkenylamino, alkynylamino, acylamino,diarylamino, benzylamino, dibenzylamino, acyl, alkenylacyl, alkynylacyl,arylacyl, acylamino, diacylamino, acyloxy, alkylsulphonyloxy,arylsulphenyloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocycloxy, heterocyclamino,haloheterocyclyl, alkylsulphenyl, arylsulphenyl, carboalkoxy,carboaryloxy, mercapto, alkylthio, benzylthio, acylthio,phosphorus-containing groups and the like. Preferably, the optionalsubstituent is C₁₋₆ alkyl, more preferably C₁₋₄ alkyl; CF₃; fluorine;chlorine; iodine; cyano; C₁₋₆ alkoxy, more preferably C₁₋₄ alkoxy; aryl;heterocyclyl; amino; or alkylamino.

The term “antioxidant” is used herein in its broadest sense and refersto a group which has the capacity to react with a reactive oxygenspecies such as a hydroxyl radical in such a way as to generate a nontoxic product. Examples include phenols such as 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyland 3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl, indole amines such as melatonin andflavonoids. Other examples may be found the literature (Wright et al, JAm Chem Soc 123:1173-1183, 2001).

The term “targeting moiety” is used herein in its broadest sense andrefers to a group which will facilitate the brain delivery of the drugby way of an active transport mechanism. The targeting moiety isrecognized by specific transporter enzymes integral to the blood brainbarrier and these transporter enzymes then provide a mechanism for thedrug to be imported into the brain. Typically such transporters aresodium dependant and their substrates contain carboxylic acids such asascorbic acid and L-glutamate. Conjugation of the targeting moiety tothe drug is enacted so as to retain the acid moiety.

The term “metal chelator” is used herein is distinguished from thepreviously known concept of “chelation therapy”. “Chelation therapy” isa term associated clinically with the removal of bulk metals such as inWilson's disease, β-thallesemia and haemochromatosis.

The salts of the above compounds are preferably pharmaceuticallyacceptable, but it will be appreciated that non-pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts also fall within the scope of the present invention,since these are useful as intermediates in the preparation ofpharmaceutically acceptable salts. Examples of pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts include salts of pharmaceutically acceptable cationssuch as sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium andalkylammonium; acid addition salts of pharmaceutically acceptableinorganic acids such as hydrochloric, orthophosphoric, sulphuric,phosphoric, nitric, carbonic, boric, sulfamic and hydrobromic acids; orsalts of pharmaceutically acceptable organic acids such as acetic,propionic, butyric, tartaric, maleic, hydroxymaleic, fumaric, citric,lactic, mucic, gluconic, benzoic, succinic, oxalic, phenylacetic,methanesulphonic, trihalomethanesulphonic; toluenesulphonic,benzenesulphonic, salicylic, sulphanilic, aspartic, glutamic, edetic,stearic, palmitic, oleic, lauric, pantothenic, tannic, ascorbic andvalerie acids.

In addition, some of the compounds of the present invention may formsolvates with water or common organic solvents. Such solvates areencompassed within the scope of the instant invention.

The term “pro-drug” is used herein in its broadest sense to includethose compounds which are converted in vivo to the above compounds. Useof the pro-drug strategy optimises the delivery of the drug to its siteof action, for example, the retina. In one aspect, the term refers tothe presence of a C₁₋₆ alkyl or arylester moiety which is designed toresist hydrolysis until the pro-drug has crossed the BBB. In a secondaspect, the term refers to the attachment at position 2 of anantioxidant group, in particular the 3,4,-5-trimethoxyphenyl moiety orderivatives thereof. Exposure to the prooxidative environment of theretinalmay then lead to hydroxylation of the 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylgroup to give a 2-hydroxy-3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl substituent, thehydroxyl group of which acts to enhance the binding properties of theabove compounds.

The term “tautomer” is used herein in its broadest sense to include theabove compounds which are capable of existing in a state of equilibriumbetween two isomeric forms. Such compounds may differ in the bondconnecting two atoms or groups and the position of these atoms or groupsin the compound.

The term “isomer” is used herein in its broadest sense and includesstructural, geometric and stereo isomers. As the above compounds mayhave one or more chiral centres, it is capable of existing inenantiomeric forms.

The compositions of the present invention comprise at least one of theabove compounds together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptablecarriers and optionally other therapeutic agents. Each carrier, diluent,adjuvant and/or excipient must be pharmaceutically “acceptable” in thesense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the compositionand not injurious to the subject. Compositions include those suitablefor oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual),vaginal or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular,intravenous and intradermal) administration. The compositions mayconveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared bymethods well known in the art of pharmacy. Such methods include the stepof bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrierwhich constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, thecompositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing intoassociation the active ingredient with liquid carriers, diluents,adjuvants and/or excipients or finely divided solid carriers or both,and then if necessary shaping the product.

The above compounds may be administered orally, topically, orparenterally in dosage unit formulations containing conventionalnon-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants, and vehicles.The term parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous injections,aerosol for administration to lungs or nasal cavity, intravenous,intramuscular, intrathecal, intracranial, injection or infusiontechniques. Intra-ocular administration is particularly useful.

The present invention also provides suitable topical, oral, andparenteral pharmaceutical formulations for use in the novel methods oftreatment of the present invention. The compounds of the presentinvention may be administered orally as tablets, aqueous or oilysuspensions, lozenges, troches, powders, granules, emulsions, capsules,syrups or elixirs. The composition for oral use may contain one or moreagents selected from the group of sweetening agents, flavoring agents,colouring agents and preserving agents in order to producepharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations. Suitable sweetenersinclude sucrose, lactose, glucose, aspartame or saccharin. Suitabledisintegrating agents include corn starch, methylcellulose,polyvinylpyrrolidone, xanthan gum, bentonite, alginic acid or agar,Suitable flavoring agents include peppermint oil, oil of wintergreen,cherry, orange or raspberry flavoring. Suitable preservatives includesodium benzoate, vitamin E, alphatocopherol, ascorbic acid, methylparaben, propyl paraben or sodium bisulphite. Suitable lubricantsinclude magnesium stearate, stearic acid, sodium oleate, sodium chlorideor talc. Suitable time delay agents include glyceryl monostearate orglyceryl distearate. The tablets contain the active ingredient inadmixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients whichare suitable for the manufacture of tablets.

These excipients may be, for example, (1) inert diluents, such ascalcium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; (2)granulating and disintegrating agents, such as corn starch or alginicacid; (3) binding agents, such as starch, gelatin or acacia; and (4)lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc,These tablets may be uncoated or coated by known techniques to delaydisintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and therebyprovide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a timedelay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate maybe employed. Coating may also be performed using techniques described inthe U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,256,108; 4,160,452; and 4,265,874 to form osmotictherapeutic tablets for control release.

The above compounds as well as the pharmaceutically-active agent usefulin the method of the invention can be administered, for in vivoapplication, parenterally by injection or by gradual perfusion over timeindependently or together. Administration may be intraocular,intravenously, intraarterial, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly,subcutaneously, intracavity, transdermally or infusion by, for example,osmotic pump. For in vitro studies the agents may be added or dissolvedin an appropriate biologically acceptable buffer and added to a cell ortissue.

Preparations for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous ornon-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. Examples ofnon-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol,vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such asethyl oleate. Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueoussolutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and bufferedmedia. Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer'sdextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's intravenousvehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolytereplenishers (such as those based on Ringer's dextrose), and the like.Preservatives and other additives may also be present such as, forexample, anti-microbials, anti-oxidants, chelating agents, growthfactors and inert gases and the like.

The present invention includes various pharmaceutical compositionsuseful for ameliorating disease. The pharmaceutical compositionsaccording to one embodiment of the invention are prepared by bringing anabove compound, analogs, derivatives or salts thereof, or combinationsof the above compounds and one or more pharmaceutically-active agentsinto a form suitable for administration to a subject using carriers,excipients and additives or auxiliaries. Frequently used carriers orauxiliaries include magnesium carbonate, titanium dioxide, lactose,mannitol and other sugars, talc, milk protein, gelatin, starch,vitamins, cellulose and its derivatives, animal and vegetable oils,polyethylene glycols and solvents, such as sterile water, alcohols,glycerol and polyhydric alcohols. Intravenous vehicles include fluid andnutrient replenishers. Preservatives include antimicrobial,anti-oxidants, chelating agents and inert gases. Other pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers include aqueous solutions, non-toxic excipients,including salts, preservatives, buffers and the like, as described, forinstance, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20th ed. Williams andWilkins (2000) and The British National Formulary 43rd ed. (BritishMedical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain,2002; http://bnf.rhn.net), the contents of which are hereby incorporatedby reference. The pH and exact concentration of the various componentsof the pharmaceutical composition are adjusted according to routineskills in the art. See Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basisfor Therapeutics (7th ed., 1985).

The pharmaceutical compositions are preferably prepared and administeredin dose units. Solid dose units may be tablets, capsules andsuppositories. For treatment of a subject, depending on activity of thecompound, manner of administration, nature and severity of the disorder,age and body weight of the subject, different daily doses can be used.Under certain circumstances, however, higher or lower daily, doses maybe appropriate. The administration of the daily dose can be carried outboth by single administration in the from of an individual dose unit orelse several smaller dose units and also by multiple administration ofsubdivided doses at specific intervals.

The pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may beadministered locally or systemically in a therapeutically effectivedose. Amounts effective for this use will, of course, depend on theseverity of the disease and the weight and general state of the subject.Typically, dosages used in vitro may provide useful guidance in theamounts useful for in situ administration of the pharmaceuticalcomposition, and animal models may be used to determine effectivedosages for treatment of the cytotoxic side effects. Variousconsiderations are described, e.g., in Langer, Science, 249:1527,(1990). Formulations for oral use may be in the form of hard gelatincapsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert soliddiluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin.They may also be in the form of soft gelatin capsules wherein the activeingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, such as peanut oil,liquid paraffin or olive oil.

Aqueous suspensions normally contain the active materials in admixturewith excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspension. Suchexcipients may be (1) suspending agent such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodiumalginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; (2)dispersing or wetting agents which may be (a) naturally occurringphosphatide such as lecithin; (b) a condensation product of an alkyleneoxide with a fatty acid, for example, polyoxyethylene stearate; (c) acondensation product of ethylene oxide with a long chain aliphaticalcohol, for example, heptadecaethylenoxycetanol; (d) a condensationproduct of ethylene oxide with a partial ester derived from a fatty acidand hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or (e) acondensation product of ethylene oxide with a partial ester derived fromfatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example polyoxyethylene sorbitanmonooleate.

The pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterileinjectable aqueous or oleagenous suspension. This suspension may beformulated according to known methods using those suitable dispersing orwetting agents and suspending agents which have been mentioned above.The sterile injectable preparation may also a sterile injectablesolution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent orsolvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among theacceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water,Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition,sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent orsuspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employedincluding synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids suchas oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.

The above compounds may also be administered in the form of liposomedelivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellarvesicles, and multilamellar vesicles. Liposomes can be formed from avariety of phospholipids, such as cholesterol, stearylamine, orphosphatidylcholines.

The above compounds may also be presented for use in the form ofveterinary compositions, which may be prepared, for example, by methodsthat are conventional in the art. Examples of such veterinarycompositions include those adapted for:

(a) oral administration, external application, for example drenches(e.g. aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions); tablets orboluses; powders, granules or pellets for admixture with feed stuffs;pastes for application to the tongue;(b) parenteral administration for example by subcutaneous, intramuscularor intravenous injection, e.g. as a sterile solution or suspension; or(when appropriate) by intramammary injection where a suspension orsolution is introduced in the udder via the teat;(c) topical applications, e.g. as a cream, ointment or spray applied tothe skin; or(d) intravaginally, e.g. as a pessary, cream or foam.

The present invention is further described by the following non-limitingExamples.

EXAMPLE 1 PB Compound Mediated Dissolution of Aggregated Abeta 1-42

Abeta1-42, is available from the Keck Laboratory, Yale University Schoolof Medicine. PBS (pH 6.6): Sigma Cat# D-8662. Zn(ZnCl2): BDH Cat#100884E. (Dissolved in water in 1 mM concentration) DMSO: Ajax Cat#2225. Thioflavin T: Sigma Cat# T-3516. (Dissolved in water in 1 mMconcentration)

By way of example of an amyloid composition, Abeta is dissolved indistilled water and peptide concentration is assessed by measuredabsorption at 214 nm in UV spectrometer. An aggregation reactive mixture(per one concentration of one testing compound) is set us as follows:Abeta: 25 μM, ZnCl₂ 50 μM, ThT 50 μM, PBS to make up to 500 μl. The tubeis wrapped with foil and incubated at 37 degrees by rotation for 24hours. A serial dilution of each test compound is made up in DMSO, forexample: 100 μM, 500 μM, 1000 μM, 2500 μM and 5000 μM. The finalconcentrations are 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 μM. 5 μl of each of thesecompounds is placed in a centrifuge tube and 5 μl of DMSO is added toboth negative and positive control tubes, 495 μl of aggregates (after 24hours incubation) is added to the centrifuge tube. The negative controlis PBS plus ZnCl₂ and ThT and DMSO. The positive control is aggregatesplus DMSO. The tubes are incubated at 37 degrees for further 2 hourswith rotation. Samples are measured for ThT fluorescence using an LS55(Perkin Elmer) fluorimeter in a cuvette (500 μl volume). The excitationwavelength is 450 nm and the emission wavelength is 480 nm. Data areanalyzed using graph pad prism program. The tested compounds included socalled “PB” compounds.

EXAMPLE 2 Post Mortem Screening

The BAS assay is adopted for post mortem retina. Using a trephine, 6 mmdiameter regions of peripheral retina from frozen donor eyes aredissected. Following defrosting, the neuronal retina and the RPE cellsare removed by gentle agitation in PBS buffer. Following removal of theRPE cells, strips of the Bruch membrane are cut from the eye.

4 samples are prepared:

1) Control 2) 100 μM TPEN 3) 100 μM PB-1033 4) 250 μM PB-1033

Following a 30 mins incubation samples are washed 3 times with PBS andthen 10 μM ZP1 (fluorescence sensor for zinc) application for 10 min.

Samples are then washed 3 times and the labeling visualized using afluorescence and confocal microscope.

A repeat of this procedure is performed with the exception that samplesare incubated for a period of 15 hours before washing to determinedifferential metal binding over this longer period.

The test results are in the form of fluorescence imaging from a confocalmicroscope of the 4 samples tested in this Example after 15 hours ofsample incubation. The results showed that TPEN inhibited ZP1 labelingindicating the effectiveness of the assay. PB-1033 also inhibited ZP1labeling. The results clearly show that PB-1033 inhibits and reducesmetal ions in retinal drusen. Fluorescence microscopic photographs(which are in colour) are available upon request from the Patentee.

EXAMPLE 3 Clinical Trial

AMD patients are selected and given a test compound (including a PBcompound) at a concentration of 500 mg/day for one month. Readouts aretaken at baseline and then at 1 month and include:

1. microperimetry; and2. multifocal retinography.

If the retinae are relieved of oxidative stress after MPAC treatment, itshould be reflected by stabilization of these markers of retinal health.

EXAMPLE 4 Assessment of Compounds

The following Assays were used in the assessment of the compounds forsuitability for use in the methods of the invention.

Assay 1. Fluorometric H₂O₂ Assay

A fluorometric assay was used to test the ability of a test compound toinhibit hydrogen peroxide generation by Aβ in the presence of copperbased on dichlorofluoroscein diacetate (DCF; Molecular Probes, EugeneOreg.). The DCF solution (5 mM) in 100% dimethyl sulphoxide (previouslypurged with argon for 2 hr at 20° C.) was deacetylated in the presenceof 0.25M NaOH for 30 min and neutralized at pH 7.4 to a finalconcentration of 1 mM. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) stock solution wasprepared to 1 μM at pH 7.4. The reactions were carried out in PBS, pH7.4 in a 96 well plate (total volume=250 μl/well). The reactionsolutions contained Aβ 1-42 at concentrations in the range of 50 nM to 1μM, copper-glycine chelate (Cu-Gly), was prepared by adding CuCl₂ toglycine in the ratio of 1:6 and added to the Aβ in the proportion2Cu-Gly:1Aβ), reducing agents including dopamine (5 μM) or ascorbicacid, deacetylated DCF 100 μM, and HRP, 0.1 μM. 1-10 μM EDTA or anotherchelator may also be present as a control for free copper, but was notrequired for the assay to function. The reaction mixture was incubatedat 37 C for 60 min. Catalase (4000 units/ml) and H₂O₂ (1-2.5 μM)standards in PBS pH 7.4 may be included as positive controls.Fluorescence was recorded using a plate reader with excitation andemission filters at 485 nM and 530 nM respectively. H₂O₂ concentrationmay be established by comparing fluorescence with the H₂O₂ standards.Inhibition of Aβ H₂O₂ production was assayed by including a givenconcentration of test compound(s) in the test wells.

Assay 2. Neurotoxicity Assays Primary Cortical Neuronal Cultures

Cortical cultures were prepared as previously described (White et al., JNeuroscience 8:6207-6217, 1998). Embryonic day 14 BL6Jx129sv mousecortices were removed, dissected free of meninges and dissociated in0.025% (wt/vol) trypsin. Dissociated cells were plated in 48 wellculture plates at a density of 2×10⁶ cells/mL in MEM with 25% (vol/vol)FCS and 5% (vol/vol) HS and incubated at 37° C., 2 hrs. Media was thenreplaced with Neurobasal media (Invitrogen Life Technologies) and B27supplements (Invitrogen Life Technologies). Cultures were maintained at37° C. in 5% CO₂. Prior to experimentation, the culture medium wasreplaced with Neurobasal media and B27 minus antioxidants (InvitrogenLife Technologies).

Assay 3. MTS Assay for Cell Viability

Cell viability is determined using the MTS assay. Culture medium isreplaced with fresh neurobasal medium plus B27 supplements minusantioxidants. 1/10th volume MTS solution (Cell Titre 96 Aqueous One,Promega Corporation) and incubated at 37° C., 2 hrs. 200 microlitrealiquots are measured with a spectrophotometer at 560 nm.

Assay 4. Assay for Test Compound Cytoxicity

Neuronal cortical cells were cultured for five days as per Assay 2 in NBmedia and B27 supplement.

On day six the test compounds were added to the neuronal cell culturesin NB media and B27 supplement minus antioxidants.

Test compounds were dissolved in 100% DMSO to a concentration of 2.5 mM(10 mM if excess compound was weighed out per vial—then diluted to 2.5mM). 2.5 mM stock solution was serially diluted 1 in 10 to give workingsolutions of 250 μM, 25 μM, 2.5 μM.

Test compounds were not added directly to cells, instead they were addedto a 48 well ‘Drug Plate’ as comprized below:

Preparation of “Drug Plate”:

To a 48 well plate add:Well 1: 576 μl NB+B27 (no antioxidant)*+24 μl 2.5 μM test compoundWell 2: 576 μl NB+B27 (no antioxidant)+24 μl 25 μM test compoundWell 3: 576 μl NB+B27 (no antioxidant)+24 μl 250 μM test compoundWell 4: 576 μl NB+B27 (no antioxidant)+24 μl 2.5 μM test compoundWell 5: 576 μl NB+B27 (no antioxidant)+24 μl 25 μM test compoundWell 6: 576 μl NB+B27 (no antioxidant)+24 μl 250 μM test compoundWell 7: 576 μl NB+B27 (no antioxidant)+24 μl test compound diluent**Well 8: 600 μl NB+B27 (no antioxidant)

The Drug Plate was incubated at 37° C. for 15 mins. 200 μl of each wellwas added in triplicate to the corresponding cell plate. The cell platewas incubated at 37 C, for 4 days.

* NB media and B27 (no antioxidants),

** PBT diluent 10% DMSO in NB+B27 (no antioxidants)

On completion of the assay, 1/10 volume MTS was added per well of plate(ie 25 μl/250 μl). The plates were incubated at 37 C for 2 hrs, and thenabsorbance was read at 560 nm.

Assay 5. Human Brain Amyloid Solubilization Assay

This assay was performed in order to assess the ability of a testcompound to mobilise Aβ, as an example form of amyloid, from theinsoluble to the soluble phase of an extract of tissue from post mortemhuman AD brain.

Up to 0.5 g of plaque-bearing cortex without meninges was homogenizedusing a DIAX 900 homogenizer (Heudolph and Co, Kelheim, Germany) orother suitable device for three 30-second periods at full speed in 2 mlof ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4. To obtain thephosphate-buffered saline-extractable fraction, the homogenate wascentrifuged at 100,000×g for 30 min and the supernatant removed.Alternatively, the tissue was freeze dried then pulverized to form apowder which was then weighed out into aliquots for extraction as above.Supernatant, either freeze-dried and resuspended or in unconcentratedform, was dissolved in 200 μl of Tris-Tricine sodium, dodecyl sulfate(SDS) sample buffer pH 8.3 containing 8% SDS, 10% 2-mercaptoethanol.Aliquots (10 μl) were then boiled for 10 minutes before SDSpolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The insoluble fraction of thecortical samples was obtained by resuspending the initial pelletedsample in 1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline. A 50-μl aliquot of thissuspension was then boiled in 200 ml of sample buffer as above.

Tris-Tricine polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed by loadingappropriately diluted samples on to 10% to 20% gradient gels (Novex, SanDiego, Calif.) followed by transfer on to 0.2-μm nitrocellulose membrane(Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.). Aβ was detected by using monoclonalantibody W02, which detects residues 5 through 8, 17 (or anothersuitable antibody) in conjunction with horseradish peroxidase-conjugatedrabbit anti-mouse IgG (Dako, Denmark), and visualized by using enhancedchemiluminescence (eg ECL; Amersham Life Science, Buckinghamshire, UK).Each gel included three lanes containing 0.5, 1, and 2 ng of syntheticAβ₄₀ (Keck Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.) as referencestandards.

Blot films were scanned by using a suitable imaging system such as theUVP gel documentation system, and densitometry performed using suitablesoftware, eg UVP Labworks. The dynamic range of the film/scanner wasdetermined by using a step tablet (No. 911ST600, Kodak, Rochester N.Y.),a calibrated film exposed by the manufacturer to provided steps of knownincreasing intensity. The quantifiable range of signal intensity fordensitometric analysis of the mono- and dimeric Aβ bands was based onthe comparison with a curve obtained by scanning and densitometry of thestep tablet. Samples in which the signal intensity is low afterpreliminary assay may be re-assayed by using synthetic standards oflower or higher concentration.

All samples were analyzed at least twice, and gel loadings and dilutionswere adjusted to fit within the quantifiable region of the standardcurve. The proportion of ‘soluble’ to ‘insoluble’ Aβ may be used todetermine the efficiency of extraction of a test compound compared withthe efficiency of a known compound. The insoluble Aβ being comprized ofthe pelletable fraction derived from the insoluble amyloid plaque fromthe above cortical samples and the soluble fraction comprising monomericand/or oligomeric soluble Aβ.

Assay 6. Effect of Administration of Test Compounds on Aβ Deposits inTransgenic Animals

Transgenic mouse models are available for a number of neurologicaldisorders, including Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease; familialamyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); Huntington's disease; andCreutzfeld-Jakob disease (CJD). It was found that one of the transgenicmodels for Alzheimer's disease, the APP2576 transgenic mouse also has ahigh incidence of cataract. These animal models were suitable fortesting the methods of the invention.

Transgenic mice of the strain APP2576 were used. Eight to nine month oldfemale mice were selected and divided into groups for treatment.

Mice were sacrificed at intervals, and their brains examined todetermine whether the treatment with test compounds decreased brainamyloid formation, and the identification of the most effectiveadministration protocol.

Other mice in each group were tested over a period of up to eight monthsfor cognitive performance, using a Morris water maze according tostandard methods. The general health and well-being of the animals wasalso measured every day by a blinded operator, using a five pointinteger scale which subjectively rates a combination of features,including motor activity, alertness and general health signs.

Assay 7. Solubility Assay

Stock solutions of compounds of formula I or II (1 mM) were prepared indimethyl sulfoxide. Compounds which did not dissolve were classed as notsoluble (N). The

DMSO stock solutions were diluted 1 in 100 into PBS pH 7.4. Compoundswhich gave a clear solution were classed as soluble (Y), while thosecompounds which gave a translucent suspension after dissolution in DMSOwere classed as “crashed out” (C).

Assay 8. Physiochemical Properties Polar Surface Area Calculations (PSA)

Polar surface area values were calculated using the web-based programavailable through “Molinspiration”, a package for calculation ofmolecular properties.

Turbidimetric Solubility Measurements

The solubility estimate was measured at both pH 2.0 and pH 6.5. This iswithin the pH range that can be anticipated along the proximalgastrointestinal tract in humans.

The compounds were dissolved in DMSO to appropriate concentrations andthen spiked into either 0.01M HCl (approx. pH=2.0) or pH 6.5 isotonicphosphate buffer, the final DMSO concentration being 1%. Samples Werethen analyzed via Nephelometry to determine a solubility range (Bevanand Lloyd, Anal. Chem., 72:1781-1787, 2000).

cLog P Values

Theoretical Log P values were determined using the ACD Log P software.The values quoted have been calculated from an untrained database andrefer to the unionized species.

E Log D

Effective Log D values were measured using a chromatographic methodemploying a SUPELCOSIL LC-ABZ column using an octanol saturated mobilephase at pH 7.4. See F. Lombardo et al, J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43,2922-2928.

EXAMPLE 5 Properties of PBT Compounds

Table 8 provides the properties and structures of particularly preferredPBT compounds which fall within the scope of the present invention.

Results on AMD Compounds

Physico-chemical In vitro Efficiency Profile properties In vivo EfficacyDis- ClogP and Safety Profile Cytotox ag- ElogD Toxi- Mice H₂O₂ (%viable gre- Parent (E) or city^(f) plasma IC₅₀ at 1 and CuTy^(c) ga- MW/ClogD at 30 concen- Tg (μM)^(a) 10 μM)^(b) BAS^(d) tion^(e) PSA (C)mg/kg tration^(g) Mice^(h) PB  31

4.9, 50.5 887.69 PB  32

>5.0 5, 50 883.69 PB  42

0.70 Neuronal cells: 93, 36 BAS: 227% (1 μM- 100 μM) In- act- ive 145.162.08 PB  44

>10 Neuronal cells: 108, 71 BAS: 191% (1 μM- 10 μM) 233.10 1.53 PB  45

0.40 Neuronal cells: 98, 75 BAS: 387% (1 pm- 10 nM) 8.5, 36.1 214.053.34 PB  46

0.40 Neuronal cells: 91, 95 4.1, 58.7 396.96 4.14 PB  47

0.50 Neuronal cells: 100, 94 BAS: 412% (1 μM- 100 μ) 5, 50 302.95 3.69PB  56

0.25 Neuronal cells: 80, 25 BAS: 311% (1 μM- 100 μM) 317.35 4.69 PB  59

0.70 Neuronal cells: 86, 85 BAS: 293% (1 nM- 10 μM) 173.22 3.03 PB  68

>10 8.5, 44 756.51 PB  72

10 >20, 24 784.57 PB  89

2.5 Neuronal cells: 100, 75 BAS: 233% (1 μM- 10 μM) 263.30 3.70 PB  116

0.5 Neuronal cells: 81, 60 BAS: 220% (10 nM- 10 μM) 328.39 3.75 PB  233

>10 BAS: 330% (1 nM- 10 μM) 281.24 5.53 PB  470

>10 BAS: 193% (0.1 μM- 5 μM) 357.80 4.18 PB  806

<0.9 Neuronal cells: 100, 97 BAS: 311% (1 nM- 100 μM) 300.16 4.67 PB 809

<1.8 Neuronal cells: 97, 26 BAS: 146% (1 μM, 100 μM) 297.36 5.35 PB  810

<0.7 Neuronal cells: 83, 71 BAS: 184% (1-10 pM, 1 nM) 285.73 4.23 PB 814

<1.1 Neuronal cells: 97, 31 BAS: 209% (1 nM- 100 μM) 285.73 4.23 PB  847

>2.5 BAS: 271% (1 μM- 100 μM) 292.43 6.22 PB  851

<0.7 Neuronal cells: 94, 85 BAS: 362% (100 μM) 298.77 4.50 PB  852

2.1 Neuronal cells: 93, 34 BAS: 220% (1 μM- 100 μM) 325.41 5.75 PB  853

0.77 Neuronal cells: 95, 95 BAS: 221% (1 nM, 100 nM- 10 μM) 336.14 4.97PB  854

0.78 Neuronal cells: 100, 100 BAS: 520% (1 nM- 100 μM) 269.73 4.50 PB 859

<0.67 Neuronal cells: 98, 72 BAS: 266% (1 nM- 10 μM) 269.73 4.80 PB  860

0.79 Neuronal cells: 91, 90 BAS: 160% (1 μM- 100 μM) 415.16 5.76 PB  861

<0.91 Neuronal cells: 99, 38 BAS: 439% (1 μM- 100 μM) 20, 31.4 361.185.06 PB  862

<0.77 Neuronal cells: 100, 52 BAS: 256% (1 μM- 100 μM) 357.41 4.09 PB 863

<0.73 Neuronal cells: 91, 35 BAS: 386% (1 μM- 100 μM) 377.18 4.23 PB 864

0.77 Neuronal cells: 96, 93 BAS: 208% (10 μM- 100 μM) 323.70 5.20 PB 896

0.15 Neuronal cells: 86% (at 10 uM) BAS: 358% (1 pM- 10 mM) 184.24 2.56PB  898

0.23 >20, 32 156.2 1.56 PB  913

0.99 Neuronal cells: 100, 95 BAS: 450% (1 μM- 100 μM) 243.25 4.01 PB 915

1.9 BAS: 202% (1 μM- 100 μM) 307.38 3.18 PB  933

0.11 Neuronal cells: 127% (at 10 μM) BAS: 279% (1- 100 nM, 10 μM) 256.44−0.58   PB  934

0.11 Neuronal cells: 114% (at 10 μM) BAS: 293% (1 nm- 10 μM) 200.33−1.85   PB  942

<0.1 BAS: 220% (1 nM- 10 μ) 308.08 −0.36   PB  947

1.14 Neuronal cells: 100, 70 BAS: 244% (1 pM- 10 nM) 271.71 3.14 PB  948

0.15 100, 100 BAS: 576% (1 μM- 10 μM) 282.30 1.61 PB  949

0.43 Neuronal cells: 96, 85 BAS: 201% (1 μM- 100 μM) 279.30 2.38 PB  950

0.15 Neuronal cells: 95, 93 BAS: 741% (1 μM- 100 μM) 293.33 2.51 PB  952

0.27 Neuronal cells: 100, 100 BAS: 268% (1 nM- 100 μM) 271.30 2.47 PB 953

<0.42 Neuronal cells: 94, 68 BAS: 325% (1 μM- 100 μM) 285.33 2.93 PB 954

0.12 Neuronal cells: 100, 100 BAS: 134% (1 μM) 298.30 1.70 PB  957

>10 Neuronal cells: 105, 96 BAS: 190% (1 μM, 100 μM) 231.26 1.43 PB  968

0.26 Neuronal cells: 101, 97 BAS: 390% (1 nM- 100 μM) 16.3, 31.6 174.201.03 PB  969

0.54 Neuronal cells: 100, 95 BAS: 385% (1 nM- 10 μM) 188.19 2.83 PB  977

BAS: 385% (1-10 nM, 1-10 μM) 318.14 4.73 PB  981

BAS: 580% (1 nM- 10 μM) 350.44 5.39 PB  982

BAS: 188% (1 nM- 10 μM) 283.42 −0.4    PB  983

BAS: 278% (1 nM- 10 μM) 268.38 4.96 PB  985

BAS: 265% (1 nM- 10 μM) 280.39 4.54 PB  986

3.6 Neuronal cells: 98, 82 18.4, 28 295.30 2.80 PB  987

1.8 Neuronal cells: 98, 89 BAS: 393% (1 pM- 10 nM) 355.36 1.08 PB  988

>10 Neuronal cells: 93, 93 BAS: 137% (1 μM- 100 μM) 352.35 1.76 PB  990

0.40 Neuronal cells: 97, 57 BAS: 183% (1 μM- 100 μM) 293.37 2.51 PB  991

0.47 Neuronal cells: 96, 67 BAS: 222% (1 nM- 1 μM) 265.32 1.11 PB 1006

0.53 Neuronal cells: 107, 75 BAS: 463% (1 pM- 10 nM) 5.27, 49.5 222.253.00 PB 1026

0.23 BAS: 186% (1 nM- 10 μM) 196.21 2.35 PB 1027

BAS: 306% (1 nM- 10 μM) 196.21 3.17 PB 1033

0.35 Neuronal cells: 84, 72 M17 cells: 94, 54.3 CuTy: 100% inhibitionBAS: 470% (1 nM- 10 μM) 18.6, 33.2 271.1  36.36 3.51 (C) 1.07 10 days,none Up to 500 ng/ml −29% in- soluble, −37% soluble, −42% plaque PB 1038

0.26 Neuronal cells: 91, 84 BAS: 627% (1 nM- 10 μM) 4.85, 51.3 351.192.79 ELog- D7 A = 2.92 Up to 2694 ng/mL De- crease insol, Increase sol,De- crease plaque PB 1041

BAS: 319% (1 nM- 10 μM) 180.25 1.65 PB 1043

BAS: 175% (100 nM- 10 μM) 195.22 3.46 PB 1044

BAS: 212% (1 nM- 10 μM) 149.15 −2.28   PB 1045

BAS: 166% (1 nM- 10 μM) 238.63 2.21 PB 1046

BAS: 244% (1 nM- 10 μM) 220.19 2.02 PB 1048

BAS: 257% (1 nM- 10 μM) 162.15 −0.19   PB 1049

BAS: 237% (1- 100 nM, 10 μM) 162.15 0.49 PB 1051

0.38 Neuronal cells: 87, 56 M17 cells: 78.3, 44 BAS: 270% (1 nM- 10μM) >20, 22.3 307.6  44.6 3.58 10 days, none Up to 403 ng/mL −21% insol,slight increase in sol, −39% plaque PB 1052

0.64 Neuronal cells: 55, 31 BAS: 212% (1 nM- 10 μM) 3.3, 62.8 291.144.21 De- crease insol, De- crease sol, De- crease plaque PB 1063

0.62 Neuronal cells: 41, 33 19.7, 40.5 398.6  52.9 3.41 10 days, mildtoxic signs Up to 450 ng/mL in mice PB 1066

>10 Neuronal cells: 92, 95 >50, 35 272.1  49.3 2.57 (C) 0.37 Up to 1000ng/mL in mice PB 1069

0.48 Neuronal cells: 97, 42 M17 cells: 41.2, 25.8 11.3, 34.8 272.7 2.62PB 1073

0.52 Neuronal cells: 100, 98 4.7, 50 186.1  46.0 2.22 6 days, none Up to350 ng/mL in mice PB 1075

0.73 Neuronal cells: 104, 91 M17 cells: 103.6, 101.3 In- act- ive >20, 0328.2  58.4 2.58 14 days, 1 of 4 death Up to 520 ng/mL in mice Increaseinsol, de- crease sol, −23% plaque PB 1076

0.45 Neuronal cells: 116, 105 M17 cells: 96.2, 76.8 100% inhibit >20,15.1 285.1  52.9 2.74 11 days none Up to 2698 ng/mL in mice −26% insol,−37% sol, −29% plaque PB 1077

0.48 Neuronal cells: 99, 98 M17 cells: 97.7, 91 CuTy: 50%inhibition >20, 24 322.2  65.79 2.03 10 days, none Up to 984 ng/mL inmice No change in insol, No change in sol, −30% plaque PB 1084

0.36 Neuronal cells: 100, 93 M17 cells: 97, 95.7 CuTy: 75% inhibition40.7, 23.4 342.2  94.03 2.37 10 days, none Up to 2439 ng/mL No change ininsol, −29% sol, de- crease plaque, PB 1085

0.37 Neuronal cells: 99, 72 M17 cells: 104.9, 76.2 CuTy: 90%inhibition >20, 25 340.2  78.9 1.95 10 days, none Up to 3644 ng/mL −34%insol, increase sol, −43% plaque PB 1088

0.84 Neuronal cells: 102, 94 >20, 16.4 325.2 1.94 10 days, none Up to3896 ng/ mL PB 1089

0.78 Neuronal cells: 96, 83 >20, 16.4 322.2 2.31 10 days, none Up to 39ng/ mL PB 1091

0.46 Neuronal cells: 100, 92 >20, 23.4 336.2 2.36 10 days, none Up to 59ng/ mL PB 1093

0.39 Neuronal cells: 122, 93 >20, 16 338.2 2.58 10 days, none Up to 80ng/ mL PB 1100

0.42 Neuronal cells: 100, 92 M17 cells: 108.1, 80.5 CuTy: 10% inhibition17, 42 358.1 3.13 10 days, none Up to 1,130.6 ng/mL PB 1101

4.1 Neuronal cells: 89, 67 M17 cells: 94.9, 26.8 10% inhibition 11.7, 45565.2 3.42 10 days, none PB 1104

0.35 Neuronal cells: 86, 78 >20, 19.1 257.12 2.71 PB 1106

0.40 Neuronal cells: 74, 70 14.2, 17.9 299.2 4.23 PB 1108

0.25 Neuronal cells: 104, 71 M17 cells: 94.3, 74.5 >20, 46.5 273.1 2.6010 days, none Up to 383 ng/ mL PB- 1112

0.33 Neuronal cells: 94, 67 M17 cells: 99.2, 68.6 CuTy: 125%inhibition >20, 46.4 287.1 3.13 10 days, none Up to 2949 ng/mL PB 1113

3.2 Neuronal cells: 97, 90 >20, 25.5 269.3 1.76 PB 1114

0.58 Neuronal cells: 101, 73 >20, 19.2 366.0 3.35 PB 1115

0.95 Neuronal cells: 93, 58 M17 cells: 104.3, 95.9 >20, 17 259.1 2.29 PB1116

1.63 Neuronal cells: 103, 92 >20, 16.8 246.3 3.02 PB 1117

0.72 M17 cells: 109.2, 96 <0.4, 57.3 253.3 0.87 PB 1118

1.44 M17 cells: 106.8, 88.6 <0.4, 58 216.2 1.58 PB 1119

0.28 2.72, 51.5 330.1 2.48 10 days, none Up to 1096 ng/mL PB 1120

0.28 M17 cells: 106.9, 62 CuTy: 25% inhibition 5.6, 47.5 342.1  52.92.40 10 days, none Up to 2508 ng/mL No change in insol, sol De- creasein plaque PB 1122

0.52 M17 cells: 97.5, 79.5 0.66, 62.4 379.2 1.69 10 days, none Up to1538 ng/mL PB 1123

0.29 0.91, 25 316.1 1.95 10 days, none PB 1124

0.40 M17 cells: 96.1, 27.1 >20, 8.4 190.2 0.84 PB 1126

0.37 3.7, 69 285.1 3.07 PB 1127

0.28 M17 cells: 82.5, 23.3 25% inhibit 4.5, 55 316.1 1.63 At 10 mg/kg 10days, none At 10 mg/kg; Up to 7082 ng/mL At 10 mg/kg No effect PB 1128

0.34 M17 cells: 106.5, 99.1, Neuro cells 100.6, 93.7 CuTy: 100% in-hibition 13.2, 41 316.2 2.55 10 days, none Up to 2289 ng/mL PB 1132

0.47 M17 cells: 86.3, 57.6 15.2, 16 250.7 2.34 PB 1133

0.79 >20, 22 287.7 1.63 PB 1135

0.27 M17 cells: 99.7, 45.6 CuTy: 90% inhibition >20, 31 204.2 1.24 10days, none Up to 409 ng/ml PB 1138

0.30 M17 cells: 99.7, 68.2 4.7, 53 350.5 2.68 10 days, 2/4 deaths Up to1802 ng/mL PB 1140

0.36 M17 cells: 92.4, 98.2 3.5, 64 376.6 3.13 At 10 mg/kg 10 days, noneAt 10 mg/kg: Up to 2315 ng/ml PB 1141

0.48 M17 cells: 102.8, 137 19.5, 26 413.6 2.42 PB 1142

0.37 M17 cells: 96.7, 44.2 7.1, 42 330.12 2.03 10 days, 1/4 death PB1143

0.48 M17 cells: 93.3, 73.7 4.1, 62 206.27 1.66 PB 1144

0.32 M17 cells: 73.6, 37 9.1, 15.5 218.25 1.90 10 days, none PB 1145

0.66 M17 cells: 101.7, 58.7 7.2, 28 344.15 2.69 10 days, 2/4 death PB1147

0.26 M17 cells: 97.4, 100.3 CuTy: 100% inhibition >20, 12.5 288.13 1.5010 days, none Up to 642.6 ng/mL PB 1148

0.41 1.55, 70 234.32 2.72 7 days, 2/4 deaths Up to 5 ng/ml PB 1149

0.30 M17 cells: 79.1, 45.2 Neuro cells 86.2, 12.4 CuTy: 95% inhibition5, 49 204.23 1.37 10 days, none Up to 690 ng/ ml No change in insol,sol, −45% plaque PB 1151

0.33 M17 cells: 80.8, 47.6 5.6, 57 330.12  52.9 2.16 10 days, none Up to11742 ng/ml At 3 mg/kg: Insol (−24%) ex- outlier No change sol, or inplaque PB 1152

0.31 M17 cells: 95.7, 71.2 >20, 56 344.15 2.88 At 10 mg/kg 10 days, noneAt 10 mg/kg: Up to 309 ng/ml PB 1153

0.32 4.7, 53 330.12 2.26 10 days, 1/4 deaths Up to 277 ng/ml PB 1154

0.64 M17 cells: 76.7, 54.2 >20, 31 313.28 1.31 PB 1155

0.31 3.9, 59 679.21 2.74 PB 1156

0.96 M17 cells: 92.7, 67.5 >20, 22 256.23 2.19 PB 1157

0.38 M17 cells: 90.3, 80.3 8.1, 45 400.12 3.15 6 days, 2/4 deaths PB1158

0.99 M17 cells: 104.7, 56 >20, 10 439.18 2.09 7 days, 4/4 deaths PB 1159

0.68 M17 cells: 115, 41.1 5.06, 49.9 261.28 0.78 PB 1160

0.75 M17 cells: 85.3, 63.4 CuTy: 95% inhibition 4.05, 56.8 387.17 1.5610 days, none Up to 27,598 ng/mL No change in insol, −25% (sol), de-crease plaque PB 1161

0.14 M17 cells: 101.4, 112.5 Neuro cells 105.4, 103.9 100% inhib >20, 27288.13 1.13 10 days, none Up to 510.4 ng/mL No change in insol, sol,−64% plaque PB 1162

3.2 M17 cells: 93.9, 36.5 4.7, 52 382.13 2.99 PB 1163

0.29 M17 cells: 106.5, 41.4 11, 43.3 387.22 2.90 PB 1164

0.24 M17 cells: 112, 111 >20, 26 399.57 2.20 PB 1165

0.89 M17 cells: 96.7, 107.1 4.7, 52 346.19 3.65 10 days, none Up to 1593ng/ ml No change in insol, sol, De- crease plaque PB 1166

0.43 M17 cells: 105, 115.8 >20, 21.7 387.17 1.81 PB 1167

0.39 M17 cells: 92.2, 98.7 7.4, 39.3 401.2 2.24 PB 1168

0.4 M17 cells: 85.7, 43 1.11, 70 332.2 3.12 10 days, none, 1/4 mildsigns Up to 400 ng/ml PB 1169

0.31 1.44, 64 442.0 3.09 PB 1170

0.72 M17 cells: 127.4, 104.8 4.28, 53 461.2 2.76 PB 1173

>20 >20, 10 210.24 2.33 PB 1174

0.96 M17 cells: 60.1, 34.2 14.7, 22 356.34 1.45 PB 1176

0.3 M17 cells: 86.3, 38.5 6.9, 45 358.18 3.53 PB 1177

0.29 M17 cells: 97.9, 24.4 2.4, 79 362.60 3.56 1 day, 3/4 deaths PB 1182

0.59 M17 cells: 110.1, 98.2 >20, 24 269.28 1.12 PB 1184

0.54 M17 cells: 102.7, 47.2 5.27, 49 232.28 2.59 PB 1185

0.6 M17 cells: 103.9, 106.5 0.5, 35 335.31 1.94 PB 1191

>10 6.89, 10 241.31 4.25 PB 1194

>10 >20, 21.5 264.33 3.08 PB 1195

>10 >20, 19.9 252.29 3.42 PB 1196

>10 16.57, 33.7 360.20 4.40 PB 1199

1.64 M17 cell: 115.2, 102.7 >20, 20.4 304.34 0.66 PB 1239

0.48 M17 cells: 109.2, 98.2 CuTy: 50% inhibition 361.18 2.60 10 days,none Up to 98.3 ng/ mL PB 1240

0.32 M17 cells: 106.4, 100.2 CuTy: 60% inhibition 322.15 2.03 10 days,none Up to 4023.4 ng/mL PB 1241

0.44 M17 cells: 105.4, 90.4 Neuro cells 98.4, 90.9 CuTy: 80% inhibition322.15 2.03 10 days, none Up to 2181.1 ng/mL PB 1242

0.28 M17 cells: 102.7, 102.6 CuTy: 50% inhibition 308.12 1.81 10 days,none Up to 144.2 ng/mL PB 1243

0.38 M17 cells: 112, 122.3 CuTy: 60% inhibition 325.15 1.34 10 days,none Up to 13214.8 ng/mL PB 1244

1.32 M17 125.7, 114.8 CuTy 10% inhibition 297.10 1.69 10 days, none Upto 1477.4 ng/mL PB 1246

0.31 M17 cells: 104.3, 73.5 CuTy: 120% inhibition 347.16 2.78 10 days,none Up to 126 ng/ mL PB 1247

0.56 M17 cells: 101.2, 110.8 CuTy: 150% inhibition 376.15 2.297 10 days,none PB 1249 get,226 0.49 M17 cells: 105, 100.7 CuTy: 100% inhibition289.08 1.63 10 days, none Up to 4830.2 ng/ml PB 1250

0.48 M17 cells: 114.8, 100.7 CuTy: 80% inhibition 337.17 1.71 10 days,1/4 deaths PB 1252

0.72 M17 cells: 105.4, 105.1 Neuro cells 94.6, 103.1 CuTy: 50%inhibition 361.18 2.60 10 days, none Up to 1465.4 ng/mL PB 1253

0.43 M17 cells: 106.6, 93.9 CuTy: 70% inhibition 328.20 2.57 10 days,none Up to 382.5 ng/mL PB 1254

0.25 M17 cells: 106.6, 106 CuTy: 90% inhibition 328.17 1.88 10 days,none Up to 441.4 ng/mL PB 1255

0.93 M17 cells: 109.7, 102.9 Neuro cells 97.9, 98.0 CuTy: 125%inhibition 317.12 1.92 10 days, none Up to 17008 ng/mL PB 1256

0.68 M17: 101.5, 100.4 98.9, 103.9 CuTy 30% inhibition 361.18 2.95 10days, none Up to 2796 ng/mL PB 1257

0.69 M17 cells: 111.1, 80.9 CuTy: 60% inhibition 378.23 3.47 10 days,none Up to 166.1 ng/mL PB 1262

0.94 M17 106.5, 94.2 104.6, 83.7 CuTy No effect 326.14 1.84 10 days,none (16/11/ 05) Up to 7107 ng/mL PB 1264

0.45 M17 cells: 103, 104.8 CuTy: 100% inhibition 365.21 2.02 10 days,none Up to 1639.8 ng/mL PB 1267

0.37 M17 cells: 94.4, 74.5 CuTy: 110% inhbition 342.22 2.57 10 days,none Up to 1166.6 ng/ml PB 1268

0.36 M17 cells 99.2, 102.1 CuTy: 110% inhibition 316.18 2.13 10 days,none Up to 975.9 ng/ml PB 1269

0.28 M17 cells 109.3, 114.7 CuTy: 110% inhibition 302.156 1.60 10 days,1/4 mild signs Up to 492.1 ng/ml PB 1270

>10 M17 cells 102.8, 108.3 CuTy: 80% inhibition 167.21 0.15 10 days,none Up to 493.7 ng/ml At 120 mg/kg, up to 4455 ng/ml PB 1271

0.17 M17 cells 104.4, 61.5 CuTy: 50% inhibition 344.34 ^(a)concentrationin μm of test compound required to inhibit 50% of A_(beta) H₂O₂production ^(b)viability of primary cortical neuronal cultured cells(Neuronal cells) or M17 human neuroblastoma cells (M17 cells) in thepresence of test compound at concentrations of 1 and 10 μM. ^(c)%inhibition of dityrosine oligomerization as referenced to in-housestandard (set as 100% inhibition) ^(d)extent by which test compoundmobilizes A_(beta) from the insoluble to the soluble phase of an extractof tissue from a post-mortem human AD brain. Results are referenced tobaseline PBS and are quoted as the max effect achieved across theconcentration range followed by the concentration or concentration rangeat which an effect is observed ^(e)Disaggregation of A_(beta):Zn (25:50μM) Synthetic Aggregations; 1^(st) value = EC50 (μM), 2^(nd) value = %Aggregate reduction at 5 μM ^(f)Visual observations during acute tox inmice or Tg mice experiment or PK studies in rats ^(g)Confirmation ofpresence of compound in plasma at one or two time points (between 30 minand 4 h) after single or repeat oral dose of 30 mg/kg (unless otherwisespecified) ^(h)% difference from control in insoluble/soluble brainamyloid burden and % difference from control in Amyloid plaque abundancefollowing daily oral gavage at 30 mg/kg (unless otherwise specified)over 9 weeks in 13-14 months old transgenic mice. Only statisticallysignificant results (p < 0.05) are quoted as percentage values, trendsare indicated without numbers.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention describedherein is susceptible to variations and modifications other than thosespecifically described. It is to be understood that the inventionincludes all such variations and modifications. The invention alsoincludes all of the steps, features, compositions and compounds referredto or indicated in this specification, individually or collectively, andany and all combinations of any two or more of said steps or features.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

-   Arch. Ophthalmol. 117:1329-1345, 1999-   Bevan and Lloyd, Anal. Chem. 72:1781-1787, 2000-   Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis for Therapeutics 7th    ed, 1985-   Langer, Science, 249:1527, 1990-   Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20th ed, Williams and Wilkins,    2000-   The British National Formulary 43rd ed, British Medical Association    and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, 2002-   WO 02/055081-   White et al., J Neuroscience 18:6207-6217, 1998-   Wright et al, J Am Chem Soc 123:1173-1183, 2001

1. A method for treating a subject with age-related macular degeneration(AMD) said method comprising administering to said subject an amount ofPB-1033:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, derivative or functionalequivalent thereof effective to reduce metal in retinal drusen to alevel which ameliorates symptoms of AMD.
 2. The method of claim 1wherein the subject is a mammal.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein themammal is a human.
 4. The method of claim 1 or 2 or 3 wherein the metalis selected from the list consisting of zinc and copper.
 5. The methodof claim 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 wherein derivative or functional equivalent ofPB-1033 is selected from the list in Table 8 or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts, derivatives or functional equivalents thereof.
 6. Themethod of claim 5 wherein the derivative or functional equivalent ofPB-1033 is selected from the list consisting of PB-1076, PB-1085,PB-1120, PB-1127, PB-1135, PB-1149, PB-1151, PB-1160 and PB-1168 orpharmaceutically acceptable salts, derivatives or functional equivalentsthereof.
 7. (canceled)
 8. (canceled)
 9. (canceled)
 10. (canceled) 11.(canceled)
 12. (canceled)
 13. (canceled)
 14. A method for reducinglevels of a metal from retinal drusen in a subject to thereby amelioratesymptoms of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) said methodcomprising administering to said subject an effective amount of PB-1033:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, derivative or equivalent thereof.15. The method of claim 14 wherein the subject is a mammal.
 16. Themethod of claim 15 wherein the mammal is a human.
 17. The method ofclaim 14 or 15 or 16 wherein the metal is selected from the listconsisting of zinc and copper.
 18. The method of claim 14 or 15 or 16 or17 wherein derivative or functional equivalent of PB-1033 is selectedfrom the list in Table 8 or pharmaceutically acceptable salts,derivatives or functional equivalents thereof.
 19. The method of claim14 wherein the derivative or equivalent of PB-1033 is selected from thelist consisting of PB-1076, PB-1085, PB-1120, PB-1127, PB-1135, PB-1149,PB-1151, PB-1160 and PB-1168 or pharmaceutically acceptable salts,derivatives or functional equivalents thereof.
 20. A compound selectedfrom the following:


21. The compound of claim 20 which is selected from PB 1267, PB 1268, PB1269 and PB
 1271. 22. The compound of claim 21 which is PB
 1268. 23. Thecompound of claim 20 which is PB 1135 or PB 1149.